Untersuchungen zum Austausch von Carbonylsulfid (COS) über einem Waldökosystem

In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Spurenstoff-Flüsse zwischen Atmosphäre und Pedosphäre, sowie zwischen Atmosphäre und Vegetation untersucht. Der Austausch zwischen Atmosphäre und Boden wurde mit Hilfe von dynamischen Bodenkammern gemessen. Zur Bestimmung des Austauschs zwischen Atmosphäre und Biosphäre wurden Gradienten der Spurengase oberhalb der Baumkronen gemessen und daraus die Flüsse bestimmt. Weiterhin wurden methodische Vergleiche der Gradientmethode mit anderen Methoden (Relaxed-Eddy-Accumulation, Eddy- Correlation) durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der Gaswechselkammern zeigen, dass während aller Messungen der Boden eine Senke von atmosphärischem Carbonylsulfid dargestellt hat. Hiermit wird die Rolle des Bodens als eine Senke für COS bestätigt. Die Depositonsraten betragen im Mittel - 0,81 pmolm exp -2 s exp -1 und besitzen eine Variabilität zwischen - 0,23 und - 1,38 pmolm exp -2 s exp -1. Im Vergleich zu den Literaturwerten (siehe Tabelle 1.1) sind die Aufnahmeraten des Bodens auf der Versuchsfläche "F1" schwach ausgeprägt. Im Vergleich zu anderen Arbeiten (siehe Lehmann & Conrad, 1996; Kesselmeier et al., 1999) sind keine eindeutigen Korrelationen zwischen dem COS-Fluss und der Lufttemperatur bzw. der Bodenfeuchte oder den Bodentemperaturen in 2, 5 und 10 cm zu erkennen. Diese hier aufgeführten Arbeiten beruhen jedoch auf Labormessungen mit nur sehr geringen homogenen und präparierten Bodenmengen. Die Feldmessungen im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden nicht unter vergleichbar definierten Bedingungen durchgeführt. Aufgrund zahlreicher beeinflussender Parameter und der vertikalen Inhomogenität des Bodens konnte jedoch auch nicht mit vergleichbar guten Korrelationen gerechnet werden. Eine saisonale Abhängigkeit der COS-Aufnahme ist über einen Zeitraum von 21 2 Monaten nicht ausgeprägt. Da die Messungen einer Kampagne im Mai 1999 aufgrund von Kontaminationen der Luftproben vollständig verworfen wurden, erstreckten sich die Messungen nur vom Hochsommer bis zum Frühherbst. Die räumliche Variabilität erreicht dagegen innerhalb einer Entfernung von 10 m eine Spanne zwischen - 0,43 und - 0,73 pmolm exp -2 s exp -1. Zurückzuführen ist dies auf die starke räumliche ...

System and performance audit of surface ozone, carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide at the Global GAW Station Izaña, Spain

The 7th system and performance audit by WCC-Empa at the global GAW station Izaña, which is run by the State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), was conducted from 15 to 21 May 2019 in agreement with the WMO/GAW quality assurance system (WMO, 2017).Activities of WCC-Empa and QA/SAC Switzerland are financially supported by MeteoSwiss and Empa

Chemical and physical influences on aerosol activation in liquid clouds: a study based on observations from the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland

A simple statistical model to predict the number of aerosols which activate to form cloud droplets in warm clouds has been established, based on regression analysis of data from four summertime Cloud and Aerosol Characterisation Experiments (CLACE) at the high-altitude site Jungfraujoch (JFJ). It is shown that 79 % of the observed variance in droplet numbers can be represented by a model accounting only for the number of potential cloud condensation nuclei (defined as number of particles larger than 80 nm in diameter), while the mean errors in the model representation may be reduced by the addition of further explanatory variables, such as the mixing ratios of O3, CO, and the height of the measurements above cloud base. The statistical model has a similar ability to represent the observed droplet numbers in each of the individual years, as well as for the two predominant local wind directions at the JFJ (northwest and southeast). Given the central European location of the JFJ, with air masses in summer being representative of the free troposphere with regular boundary layer in-mixing via convection, we expect that this statistical model is generally applicable to warm clouds under conditions where droplet formation is aerosol limited (i.e. at relatively high updraught velocities and/or relatively low aerosol number concentrations). A comparison between the statistical model and an established microphysical parametrization shows good agreement between the two and supports the conclusion that cloud droplet formation at the JFJ is predominantly controlled by the number concentration of aerosol particles

Robust extraction of baseline signal of atmospheric trace species using local regression

The identification of atmospheric trace species measurements that are representative of well-mixed background air masses is required for monitoring atmospheric composition change at background sites. We present a statistical method based on robust local regression that is well suited for the selection of background measurements and the estimation of associated baseline curves. The bootstrap technique is applied to calculate the uncertainty in the resulting baseline curve. The non-parametric nature of the proposed approach makes it more flexible than other commonly used statistical data filtering methods. Application to carbon monoxide (CO) measured from 1996 to 2009 at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland, 3580m asl.), and to measurements of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) from Jungfraujoch (2000 to 2009) and Mace Head (Ireland, 1995 to 2009) demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed approach. The determined average annual change of CO at Jungfraujoch for the 1996 to 2009 period as estimated from filtered annual mean CO concentrations is -2.2 1.1 ppb/yr. For comparison, the linear trend of unfiltered CO measurements at Jungfraujoch for this time period is -2.9 1.3 ppb/yr

Recent advances in measurement techniques for atmospheric carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide observations

International audienceCarbon monoxide (CO) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) are two key parameters in the observation of the atmosphere, relevant to air quality and climate change, respectively. For CO, various analytical techniques have been in use over the last few decades. In contrast, N 2 O was mainly measured using gas chromatography (GC) with an electron capture detector (ECD). In recent years, new spectroscopic methods have become available which are suitable for both CO and N 2 O. These include infrared (IR) spectroscopic techniques such as cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Corresponding instruments became recently commercially available and are increasingly used at atmospheric monitoring stations. We analysed results obtained through performance audits conducted within the framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) quality management system of the World Meteorology Organization (WMO). These results reveal that current spectroscopic measurement techniques have clear advantages with respect to data quality objectives compared to more traditional methods for measuring CO and N 2 O. Further , they allow for a smooth continuation of historic CO and N 2 O time series. However, special care is required concerning potential water vapour interference on the CO amount fraction reported by near-IR CRDS instruments. This is reflected in the results of parallel measurement campaigns, which clearly indicate that drying the sample air leads to an improved accuracy of CO measurements with such near-IR CRDS instruments

Impact of Air Mass Conditions and Aerosol Properties on Ice Nucleating Particle Concentrations at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Ice nucleation is the source of primary ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds. Only a small fraction of aerosols called ice nucleating particles (INPs) catalyze ice formation, with their nature and origin remaining unclear. In this study, we investigate potential predictor parameters of meteorological conditions and aerosol properties for INP concentrations at mixed-phase cloud condition at 242 K. Measurements were conducted at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland, 3580 m a.s.l.), which is located predominantly in the free troposphere (FT) but can occasionally receive injections from the boundary layer (BLI). Measurements are taken during a long-term study of eight field campaigns, allowing for the first time an interannual (2014-2017) and seasonal (spring, summer, and winter) distinction of high-time-resolution INP measurements. We investigate ranked correlation coefficients between INP concentrations and meteorological parameters and aerosol properties. While a commonly used parameterization lacks in predicting the observed INP concentrations, the best INP predictor is the total available surface area of the aerosol particles, with no obvious seasonal trend in the relationship. Nevertheless, the predicting capability is less pronounced in the FT, which might be caused by ageing effects. Furthermore, there is some evidence of anthropogenic influence on INP concentrations during BLI. Our study contributes to an improved understanding of ice nucleation in the free troposphere, however, it also underlines that a knowledge gap of ice nucleation in such an environment exists