Bancos multilaterais de desenvolvimento como atores de política social : o caso do Banco Mundial na América Latina e Caribe (2008-2014)

O presente trabalho analisa a atuação de Bancos Multilaterais de Desenvolvimento (BMDs) em política social. Considerando os efeitos da globalização sobre o campo, estes atores vêm ganhando destaque na medida em que influenciam a política social doméstica de países em desenvolvimento por meio de empréstimos que transmitem as principais ideias e prescrições políticas geradas nestas organizações. Nesse âmbito, tem-se como objetivo identificar quais fatores influenciam a distribuição dos recursos financeiros em política social de um BMD. A hipótese central do trabalho é a de que existe relação positiva entre a capacidade estatal dos países e a alocação dos recursos financeiros de um Banco Multilateral de Desenvolvimento. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma abordagem ‘recipients-oriented’ (DIAS ET AL, 2016), que enfatiza fatores relacionados aos países clientes de tais bancos, responsáveis por implementar os projetos para os quais tomam os empréstimos. Desta forma, foi realizado um estudo de caso da atuação do Banco Mundial (BM) na América Latina e Caribe (ALC), entre 2008 e 2014, construído sobre a triangulação de estratégias quali e quantitativas de análise. A revisão bibliográfica e a análise documental deram conta da fundamentação teórica e análise do conteúdo das políticas propostas pelo Banco no período. Partindo da definição de capacidade estatal como capacidade de implementar políticas públicas (SKOCPOL, 1985), utilizou-se a tipologia de welfare gaps (CECCHINI; FILGUEIRA; ROBLES, 2014) como proxy de capacidade estatal para a realização dos testes estatísticos, aplicados sobre base de dados contendo informações sobre os projetos financiados pelo BM (WORLD BANK, 2015a). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que há relação positiva entre a capacidade estatal e a distribuição do financiamento do Banco Mundial em política social na América Latina e Caribe, no sentido que quanto maior a capacidade estatal dos países, maior a quantidade de aportes financeiros do Banco que estes obtêm.The following thesis analyses the role that the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) play in social policy. Given the globalization's effects on this field, these actors have been gaining prominence as far as they influence the domestic social policy of developing countries through loans that convey the main ideas and policy prescriptions generated in these organizations. In this context, the aim of this study is to identify what factors influence the distribution of financial resources in the social policy of the MDBs. The main hypothesis is that there is a relationship between the state capacity and the allocation of financial resources by the MDBs. For this purpose, a recipients-oriented (DIAS et al, 2016) approach has been used, emphasizing the features related to the borrowing countries of such banks, responsible for implementing the projects for which they are contracting these loans. Therefore, a case study was conducted on the World Bank’s (WB) operations in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), between 2008 and 2014, based on the triangulation of qualitative and quantitative analysis strategies. The bibliographic review and documental analysis assess the theoretical rationale and analysis of the content of the policies proposed by the Bank in the period. Based on the definition of state capacity as the capacity of implementing public policies (SKOCPOL, 1985), the welfare gaps typology (CECCHINI; FILGUEIRA; ROBLES, 2014) was used as a proxy of state capacity to perform the statistical testes, applied on the database containing information on the projects financed by the WB (WOLRD BANK, 2015a). The results obtained show that there is a positive relation between state capacity and the distribution of World Bank financing in social policy in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the sense that the greater state capacity of a country, the greater the amount of financial contributions obtained through the Bank

Convenções de gênero e violência sexual: A cultura do estupro no ciberespaço // Gender and sexual violence conventions: the rape culture in cyberspace

Esta etnografia do ciberespaço visa contribuir com o debate sobre o tema da violência sexual a partir da análise das narrativas dos participantes de um debate online sobre o episódio no qual o diretor teatral Gerald Thomas enfiou a mão por debaixo do vestido da repórter Nicole Bahls sem consentimento e publicamente. A análise revelou que a noção de violência sexual é atravessada por moralidades relativas a convenções de gênero e sexualidade que interferem na percepção dos direitos individuais das mulheres. Seguimos a perspectiva da crítica feminista amparada na categoria cultura do estupro como forma de denúncia pública desta violação

A systematic scoping review of Photovoice within mental health research involving adolescents

Photovoice is a research method that changes perceptions of mental health. However, there is a lack of evidence exploring how Photovoice is used in mental health research involving adolescents. Our review aimed to understand the nature and key themes across findings of Photovoice studies exploring mental health among adolescents. We used pre-existing data and updated a search strategy. Popay and colleagues’ guidance was used to analyse the studies and the quality of each study was appraised. Our review found that Photovoice studies exploring mental health among adolescents are limited in quality and that Photovoice is a flexible, adaptable, inclusive, and emerging method. Coping; resilience; beliefs about oneself; family; friends; safety; living in a lower socioeconomic area and treatment emerged as key themes across study findings. Our review is the first of its kind and highlights ways Photovoice studies in the future can be developed and is helpful to multiple stakeholders

Pseudo‐ Para ‐Substituted [2.2]Paracyclophanes for Hole Transport in Perovskite Solar Cells

2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)−9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) is the prevalent hole transport layer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with regular device architecture. Yet, its spirobifluorene core and multistep synthesis make it rather expensive. For the further technological success of PSCs, novel scalable and inexpensive alternative hole transport layers are needed. Herein, a study of the structure-property relations of pseudo-para-substituted [2.2]paracyclophanes is presented. Eight different hole transport materials are synthesized via double CH activation, eliminating metal-containing substituents for cross-coupling reactions. The ionization potentials (IPs) of the disubstituted paracyclophanes (DiPCPs) are examined by photoelectron spectroscopy in air, cyclic voltammetry and theoretical calculations. Through variation of donor groups and π-linkers, IPs that span a range from 5.14 to 5.86 eV are achieved, demonstrating high customizability. From the eight novel materials, five showed good solubility and are implemented into PSCs. The solar cells with a hole transport layer of undoped 4,16-di(4-(2-thienyl)-N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline)[2.2]paracyclophane (DiPCP-2) exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 12.7% ± 0.4%. The facile synthesis of DiPCP-2 enables an estimated cost reduction by two thirds compared to spiro-OMeTAD

Doping Strategies for Tetrasubstituted Paracyclophane Hole Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells

Because of its excellent hole conductivity, p-doped 2,2′7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9′-spiro-bifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) is commonly deployed for hole transport in organic metal halide perovskite solar cells, but its rather expensive synthesis prompts the research for alternatives. In this work, tetrasubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes (PCPs) are synthesized and investigated for replacing spiro-MeOTAD. To enhance their conductivity, different doping strategies are followed. Best conductivities are achieved by doping PCP thin films with tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine) cobalt(III) tris(bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) (FK209), matching the conductivity of state-of-the-art p-doped spiro-MeOTAD. Best performance in solar cells is leveraged by doping PCPs with the co-dopants lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP) which are also used to p-dope spiro-MeOTAD thin films in solar cells. Yet, the thermal device stability is maximized upon doping PCPs with FK209 and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F$_4$ TCNQ)

The recent volcanism of Flores Island (Azores): Stratigraphy and eruptive history of Funda Volcanic System

Monogenetic volcanoes occur in many different geotectonic settings and are usually small and short-lived. They can experience a variety of eruptive styles, even during the same eruption. In monogenetic volcanic fields, volcanism usually migrates to different locations over time, making volcanic hazard assessment very challenging. The eruptive history of a volcanic region, including the size, style, and location of previous eruptions, provides valuable information to help predict the behaviour of future volcanic events and their associated hazards. Here, we reconstruct for the first time the eruptive history of the Funda Volcanic System (FVS), one of the most recent (~3 ka) monogenetic eruptive centres of Flores Island (Azores), based on a detailed tephrostratigraphic work coupled with geochemical analysis of glass shards and radiocarbon dating. We identified at least three volcanic events at FVS spaced by time intervals of ~100 yr. The first event (3430 cal yr BP) was a small Strombolian eruption, the second event (3330 cal yr BP) started as a violent Strombolian eruption and may have ended as phreatomagmatic, and the third event (3250 cal yr BP) was exclusively phreatomagmatic. Our results demonstrate that volcanism at the FVS was more prolonged and recurrent than previously reported. Moreover, we show that the FVS experienced different eruptive styles in a short timeframe, ranging from small basaltic eruptions to violent explosive phreatomagmatic events. Such diversity of eruptive styles results in different volcanic products, which have different hazard implications. Our new results contribute to the knowledge of the recent volcanic activity of Flores Island, and we anticipate them to be of paramount importance for future volcanic hazard assessment studies

Unraveling the Holocene Eruptive History of Flores Island (Azores) Through the Analysis of Lacustrine Sedimentary Records

Lacustrine sequences from active volcanic settings usually hold a rich and continuous record of tephra layers, providing a critical source of information to reconstruct a most complete eruptive history of a region. Lake sedimentary records on volcanic islands are particularly useful as the typical small size of these islands and their steep subaerial and submarine slopes lead to a lower preservation of potential erodible pyroclastic deposits. Here we explore the lacustrine sedimentary record of Lagoa da Lomba, a crater lake in the central upland area of Flores Island (Azores), to gain insight into the recent eruptive history of this island. The strategic location of Lagoa da Lomba, half distance between the two clusters of recent volcanic activity of the island, together with its long-lasting record, back to 23.52 cal kyr BP, makes this lake a privileged site to investigate the Holocene volcanic history of Flores. Based on a detailed stratigraphic characterization of sediments from a lake transect of three cores, supported by glass shard geochemistry and radiocarbon dating, we recognized four Holocene eruptive events taking place between 6.28 and 2.36 cal kyr BP, demonstrating that the Holocene volcanic activity at Flores Island may have lasted longer than previously reported. Glass shard geochemistry from the different tephra layers suggests three populations, basaltic to trachybasaltic in composition, where the last eruption is the least evolved endmember. Two of the four eruptive events correlate with subaerially-exposed pyroclastic sequences, in terms of stratigraphy and geochemistry. The most recent event recorded at Lagoa da Lomba was constrained to 3.66 - 2.36 cal kyr BP and linked to an eruption sourced from Lagoa Comprida Volcanic System. The second most recent eruptive event was sourced from Lagoa Funda Volcanic System and dated at 3.66 cal kyr BP. Our observations show that Flores experienced vigorous volcanic activity during the Late Holocene. Therefore, contrary to what is assumed, the possibility of future eruptions should be properly considered, and the volcanic hazard here should not be underestimated. Moreover, we highlight the importance of tephrostratigraphy in recent lake sediments to reconstruct past volcanic activity, especially at small volcanic islands, such as Flores, where exposure is poor due to erosion within the limited subaerial area and the dense vegetation

Toxoplasma gondii

En 1908, Charles Nicolle y Louis Manceaux encontraron un protozoario en los tejidos de un roedor parecido a un hámster, el gundi (Ctenodactylus gundi), que se estaba utilizando para investigación en leishmaniasis en el Instituto Pasteur de Túnez, África. Simultáneamente, Splendore (1908) encontró el mismo parásito en un conejo en Brasil. Inicialmente ambos clasificaron al parásito como Leishmania spp., sin embargo, pronto se dieron cuenta de que habían descubierto un nuevo microorganismo y Nicolle y Manceaux propusieron el nombre Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasma mod. L. toxo = arco, plasma = vida y gondii por su hospedador inexactamente identificado). Toxoplasma gondii es el agente causal de la toxoplasmosis, enfermedad de mucha relevancia en medicina veterinaria y humana, siendo una zoonosis de alto riesgo para determinados grupos. Al día de hoy, múltiples tratamientos farmacológicos están disponibles pero ninguna vacuna desarrollada ha logrado la prevención completa de la infección y el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Debido a que T. gondii es un organismo muy fácil de manipular genéticamente, fácil de conservar y crecer en cultivo celular y con un modelo murino de hospedador-parásito bien establecido, se ha convertido en el organismo modelo más importante para el estudio de los Apicomplejos.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Bridging the gap: The role of innovation policy and market creation

By pairing innovation in the use of existing technologies and in behaviour with new technologies, directed innovation has the potential to radically transform societies and reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, accelerating innovation is a key component of any attempt to close the emissions gap, but it will not happen by itself