31 research outputs found
Temperature coefficients and radiation induced DLTS spectra of MOCVD grown n(+)p InP solar cells
The effects of temperature and radiation on n(+)p InP solar cells and mesa diodes grown by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) were studied. It was shown that MOCVD is capable of consistently producing good quality InP solar cells with Eff greater than 19 percent which display excellent radiation resistance due to minority carrier injection and thermal annealing. It was also shown that universal predictions of InP device performance based on measurements of a small group of test samples can be expected to be quite accurate, and that the degradation of an InP device due to any incident particle spectrum should be predictable from a measurement following a single low energy proton irradiation
Evaluation of College-Level Instruction in Freshman Composition; Part II
To supplement an experiment at the University of Northern Iowa on the effectiveness of college-level instruction in freshman composition; the University of Iowa conducted its own experiment on the evaluation of freshman composition. This experiment was designed to determine (1) which method of rating papers is more reliable--the general impression method of the Educational Testing Service or the analytical method used at the University of Iowa; (2) if a more significant measure of writing quality is obtained when the better of two papers; rather than merely one; is used as a criterion; and (3) if the writing performance of students completing the University\u27s rhetoric course improved more than that of students excused from the course. The procedures by which theme raters and experimental and control groups of students were selected are described in detail; as are the methods of rating themes. Chapters discussing findings; conclusions; and recommendations indicate that the results of the experiment were inconclusive because the rating of the themes was not reliable. Included in the report are extensive tables of data and appendixes listing information about and instructions to participants in the experiment. (BN
The Black Hole in NGC 3379: A Comparison of Gas and Stellar Dynamical Mass Measurements with HST and Integral-Field Data
We combine Hubble Space Telescope spectroscopy and ground-based
integral-field data from the SAURON and OASIS instruments to study the central
black hole in the nearby elliptical galaxy NGC 3379. From these data, we obtain
kinematics of both the stars and the nuclear gaseous component. Axisymmetric
three-integral models of the stellar kinematics find a black hole of mass 1.4
(+2.6 / -1.0) x 10^8 M_sun (3 sigma errors). These models also probe the
velocity distribution in the immediate vicinity of the black hole and reveal a
nearly isotropic velocity distribution throughout the galaxy and down to the
black hole sphere of influence R_BH. The morphology of the nuclear gas disc
suggests that it is not in the equatorial plane; however the core of NGC 3379
is nearly spherical. Inclined thin-disc models of the gas find a nominal black
hole of mass 2.0 (+/- 0.1) x 10^8 M_sun (3 sigma errors), but the model is a
poor fit to the kinematics. The data are better fit by introducing a twist in
the gas kinematics (with the black hole mass assumed to be 2.0 x 10^8 M_sun),
although the constraints on the nature and shape of this perturbation are
insufficient for more detailed modelling. Given the apparent regularity of the
gas disc's appearance, the presence of such strong non-circular motion
indicates that caution must be used when measuring black hole masses with gas
dynamical methods alone.Comment: 22 pages, 19 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. A version
with full resolution figures is available at
http://astro.berkeley.edu/~shapiro/Papers/shapiro2006_N3379.pd
Imaging of the protoelliptical NGC 1700 and its globular cluster system
An excellent candidate for a young elliptical, or `protoelliptical' galaxy is
NGC 1700. Here we present new B, V and I band imaging using the Keck telescope
and reanalyse existing V and I band images from the Hubble Space Telescope.
After subtracting a model of the galaxy from the Keck images NGC 1700 reveals
two symmetric tidal tail-like structures. If this interpretation is correct, it
suggests a past merger event involving two spiral galaxies. These tails are
largely responsible for the `boxiness' of the galaxy isophotes observed at a
radius of about 13 kpc. We also show that the B-I colour distribution of the
globular cluster system is bimodal. The mean colour of the blue population is
consistent with those of old Galactic globular clusters. Relative to this old,
metal poor population, we find that the red population is younger and more
metal rich. This young population has a similar age and metallicity as that
inferred for the central stars, suggesting that they are both associated with
an episode of star formation triggered by the merger that may have formed the
galaxy. Although possessing large errors, we find that the majority of the age
estimates of NGC 1700 are reasonably consistent and we adopt a `best estimate'
for the age of 3.0 +/-1.0 Gyr. This relatively young age places NGC 1700 within
the age range where there is a notable lack of obvious candidates for
protoellipticals. The total globular cluster specific frequency is rather low
for a typical elliptical, even after taking into account fading of the galaxy
over the next 10 Gyr. We speculate that NGC 1700 will eventually form a
relatively `globular cluster poor' elliptical galaxy.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Determination of masses of the central black holes in NGC524 and NGC2549 using Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics
[abridged] We present observations of NGC524 and NGC2549 with LGS AO obtained
at GEMINI North telescope using the NIFS IFU in the K band. The purpose of
these observations, together with previously obtained observations with the
SAURON IFU, is to determine the masses (Mbh) of the supermassive black holes
(SMBH). The targeted galaxies were chosen to have central light profiles
showing a core (NGC524) and a cusp (NGC2549), to probe the feasibility of using
the galaxy centre as the NGS required for LGS AO. We employ an innovative `open
loop' technique. The data have spatial resolution of 0.23" and 0.17" FWHM,
showing that high quality LGS AO observations of these objects are possible. We
construct axisymmetric three-integral dynamical models which are constrained
with both the NIFS and SAURON data. The best fitting models yield Mbh=(8.3 +2.7
-1.3) x 10^8 Msun for NGC524 and Mbh=(1.4 +0.2 -1.3) x 10^7 Msun for NGC2549
(all errors are at the 3 sigma CL). We demonstrate that the wide-field SAURON
data play a crucial role in the M/L determination increasing the accuracy of
M/L by a factor of at least 5, and constraining the upper limits on Mbh. The
NIFS data are crucial in constraining the lower limits of Mbh and in
combination with the large scale data reducing the uncertainty by a factor of 2
or more. We find that the orbital structure of NGC524 shows significant
tangential anisotropy, while at larger radii both galaxies are consistent with
having almost perfectly oblate velocity ellipsoids. Tangential anisotropy in
NGC524 coincides with the size of SMBH sphere of influence and the core region
in the light profile. We test the accuracy to which Mbh can be measured using
seeings obtained from typical LGS AO observations, and conclude that for a
typical conditions and Mbh the expected uncertainty is of the order of 50%.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figure
The SAURON project - III. Integral-field absorption-line kinematics of 48 elliptical and lenticular galaxies
We present the stellar kinematics of 48 representative elliptical and
lenticular galaxies obtained with our custom-built integral-field spectrograph
SAURON operating on the William Herschel Telescope. The data were homogeneously
processed through a dedicated reduction and analysis pipeline. All resulting
SAURON datacubes were spatially binned to a constant minimum signal-to-noise.
We have measured the stellar kinematics with an optimized (penalized
pixel-fitting) routine which fits the spectra in pixel space, via the use of
optimal templates, and prevents the presence of emission lines to affect the
measurements. We have thus generated maps of the mean stellar velocity, the
velocity dispersion, and the Gauss-Hermite moments h3 and h4 of the
line-of-sight velocity distributions. The maps extend to approximately one
effective radius. Many objects display kinematic twists, kinematically
decoupled components, central stellar disks, and other peculiarities, the
nature of which will be discussed in future papers of this series.Comment: 23 pages, 18 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Version with
full resolution images available at
http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/sauron/papers/emsellem2004_sauron3.pd
Gravitating discs around black holes
Fluid discs and tori around black holes are discussed within different
approaches and with the emphasis on the role of disc gravity. First reviewed
are the prospects of investigating the gravitational field of a black
hole--disc system by analytical solutions of stationary, axially symmetric
Einstein's equations. Then, more detailed considerations are focused to middle
and outer parts of extended disc-like configurations where relativistic effects
are small and the Newtonian description is adequate.
Within general relativity, only a static case has been analysed in detail.
Results are often very inspiring, however, simplifying assumptions must be
imposed: ad hoc profiles of the disc density are commonly assumed and the
effects of frame-dragging and completely lacking. Astrophysical discs (e.g.
accretion discs in active galactic nuclei) typically extend far beyond the
relativistic domain and are fairly diluted. However, self-gravity is still
essential for their structure and evolution, as well as for their radiation
emission and the impact on the environment around. For example, a nuclear star
cluster in a galactic centre may bear various imprints of mutual star--disc
interactions, which can be recognised in observational properties, such as the
relation between the central mass and stellar velocity dispersion.Comment: Accepted for publication in CQG; high-resolution figures will be
available from http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/CQ
Lucy Mission to the Trojan Asteroids: Science Goals
The Lucy Mission is a NASA Discovery-class mission to send a highly capable and robust spacecraft to investigate seven primitive bodies near both the L4 and L5 Lagrange points with Jupiter: the Jupiter Trojan asteroids. These planetesimals from the outer planetary system have been preserved since early in solar system history. The Lucy mission will fly by and extensively study a diverse selection of Trojan asteroids, including all the recognized taxonomic classes, a collisional family member, and a near equal-mass binary. It will visit objects with diameters ranging from roughly 1 km to 100 km. The payload suite consists of a color camera and infrared imaging spectrometer, a high-resolution panchromatic imager, and a thermal infrared spectrometer. Additionally, two spacecraft subsystems will also contribute to the science investigations: the terminal tracking cameras will supplement imaging during closest approach and the telecommunication subsystem will be used to measure the mass of the Trojans. The science goals are derived from the 2013 Planetary Decadal Survey and include determining the surface composition, assessing the geology, determining the bulk properties, and searching for satellites and rings