Effect of different crops on the cuticle length, weight and total body weight of Kraussaria angulifera (krauss) in Sahel and Sudan Savanna Zones of Borno State, Nigeria

The experiment was conducted in a screen house in Jere (130 9N, 110 4E) and Maiduguri (120 8N, 120 5E) of Borno State in 2015 to evaluate the effects of different crops on the cuticle and body weight of Kraussaria angulifera (Krauss) in the Sahel and Sudan Savanna zones. The experiment was laid in a completely randomized block design. Experimental cage of 6˟4.5˟1m, was divided into 6 compartments of 1x1.5x1m planted to 6 crop treatments of maize, sorghum, millet, maize and sorghum, sorghum and millet, millet and maize and replicated 3 times. Seven day old F1 nymphs were introduced into each compartment. Data collection was done every week for the above variables. The results obtained in the two zones revealed that nymphs fed on millet had the longest (36.17) mean length of cuticle at instar five when compared to the other treatments. Nymphs fed on maize had the least (33.17) mean length of cuticle. The weight of cuticle also showed that nymphs fed on millet had the highest (0.065g) weight of cuticle while nymphs fed on maize had the least (0.063g). Data on total body weight showed that nymphs fed on crop mixture from nymph IV to adult recorded the highest total weight than those fed on sole crop.Keywords: Cereal crops, Kraussaria angulifera (Krauss), Sahel and Savannah, nymphs, adults, cuticle, and weigh

Traveling length and minimal traveling time for flow through percolation networks with long-range spatial correlations

We study the distributions of traveling length l and minimal traveling time t through two-dimensional percolation porous media characterized by long-range spatial correlations. We model the dynamics of fluid displacement by the convective movement of tracer particles driven by a pressure difference between two fixed sites (''wells'') separated by Euclidean distance r. For strongly correlated pore networks at criticality, we find that the probability distribution functions P(l) and P(t) follow the same scaling Ansatz originally proposed for the uncorrelated case, but with quite different scaling exponents. We relate these changes in dynamical behavior to the main morphological difference between correlated and uncorrelated clusters, namely, the compactness of their backbones. Our simulations reveal that the dynamical scaling exponents for correlated geometries take values intermediate between the uncorrelated and homogeneous limiting cases

Heuristic Segmentation of a Nonstationary Time Series

Many phenomena, both natural and human-influenced, give rise to signals whose statistical properties change under time translation, i.e., are nonstationary. For some practical purposes, a nonstationary time series can be seen as a concatenation of stationary segments. Using a segmentation algorithm, it has been reported that for heart beat data and Internet traffic fluctuations--the distribution of durations of these stationary segments decays with a power law tail. A potential technical difficulty that has not been thoroughly investigated is that a nonstationary time series with a (scale-free) power law distribution of stationary segments is harder to segment than other nonstationary time series because of the wider range of possible segment sizes. Here, we investigate the validity of a heuristic segmentation algorithm recently proposed by Bernaola-Galvan et al. by systematically analyzing surrogate time series with different statistical properties. We find that if a given nonstationary time series has stationary periods whose size is distributed as a power law, the algorithm can split the time series into a set of stationary segments with the correct statistical properties. We also find that the estimated power law exponent of the distribution of stationary-segment sizes is affected by (i) the minimum segment size, and (ii) the ratio of the standard deviation of the mean values of the segments, and the standard deviation of the fluctuations within a segment. Furthermore, we determine that the performance of the algorithm is generally not affected by uncorrelated noise spikes or by weak long-range temporal correlations of the fluctuations within segments.Comment: 23 pages, 14 figure

Scaling detection in time series: diffusion entropy analysis

The methods currently used to determine the scaling exponent of a complex dynamic process described by a time series are based on the numerical evaluation of variance. This means that all of them can be safely applied only to the case where ordinary statistical properties hold true even if strange kinetics are involved. We illustrate a method of statistical analysis based on the Shannon entropy of the diffusion process generated by the time series, called Diffusion Entropy Analysis (DEA). We adopt artificial Gauss and L\'{e}vy time series, as prototypes of ordinary and anomalus statistics, respectively, and we analyse them with the DEA and four ordinary methods of analysis, some of which are very popular. We show that the DEA determines the correct scaling exponent even when the statistical properties, as well as the dynamic properties, are anomalous. The other four methods produce correct results in the Gauss case but fail to detect the correct scaling in the case of L\'{e}vy statistics.Comment: 21 pages,10 figures, 1 tabl

Detecting Long-range Correlations with Detrended Fluctuation Analysis

We examine the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), which is a well-established method for the detection of long-range correlations in time series. We show that deviations from scaling that appear at small time scales become stronger in higher orders of DFA, and suggest a modified DFA method to remove them. The improvement is necessary especially for short records that are affected by non-stationarities. Furthermore, we describe how crossovers in the correlation behavior can be detected reliably and determined quantitatively and show how several types of trends in the data affect the different orders of DFA.Comment: 10 pages, including 8 figure

Structure Functions are not Parton Probabilities

The common view that structure functions measured in deep inelastic lepton scattering are determined by the probability of finding quarks and gluons in the target is not correct in gauge theory. We show that gluon exchange between the fast, outgoing partons and target spectators, which is usually assumed to be an irrelevant gauge artifact, affects the leading twist structure functions in a profound way. This observation removes the apparent contradiction between the projectile (eikonal) and target (parton model) views of diffractive and small x_{Bjorken} phenomena. The diffractive scattering of the fast outgoing quarks on spectators in the target causes shadowing in the DIS cross section. Thus the depletion of the nuclear structure functions is not intrinsic to the wave function of the nucleus, but is a coherent effect arising from the destructive interference of diffractive channels induced by final state interactions. This is consistent with the Glauber-Gribov interpretation of shadowing as a rescattering effect.Comment: 35 pages, 8 figures. Discussion of physical consequences of final state interactions amplified. Material on light-cone gauge choices adde

Confidence and self-attribution bias in an artificial stock market

Using an agent-based model we examine the dynamics of stock price fluctuations and their rates of return in an artificial financial market composed of fundamentalist and chartist agents with and without confidence. We find that chartist agents who are confident generate higher price and rate of return volatilities than those who are not. We also find that kurtosis and skewness are lower in our simulation study of agents who are not confident. We show that the stock price and confidence index—both generated by our model—are cointegrated and that stock price affects confidence index but confidence index does not affect stock price. We next compare the results of our model with the S&P 500 index and its respective stock market confidence index using cointegration and Granger tests. As in our model, we find that stock prices drive their respective confidence indices, but that the opposite relationship, i.e., the assumption that confidence indices drive stock prices, is not significant.This work was supported by grant number: 2014/19534-8, URL: http://www.fapesp.br/, Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, MAB; and grant number: 1267846, URL: http://www.capes.gov.br/, Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, JNS. (2014/19534-8 - Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo; 1267846 - Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior)Published versio

Portfolio Vol. II N 3

Jeffers, Robinson. From \u27The Beaks of Eagles\u27 . Poem. 6. Clement, Harry. Mr. Bigger Tries Faith . Prose. 7. Shaw, A.A. Students of Denison . Prose. 9 Deweerd, H.A. New German War Prophets . Prose. 11. West, Bill C. Reproach . Poem. 14. West, Bill C. Dilemma . Poem. 14. Manship, Paul. Dancer and Gazelles . Picture. 14. Saunders, Paul. Review of New Books . Prose. 15. Smith, Bob. Review of New Records . Prose. 15. Picasso, Pablo. Nude (Pink) . Picture. 16. Korbel, Mario. The Andante . Picture. 16. Bethune, Don. Review of \u27Susan and God\u27 . Prose. 17. Baily, Bernard. Thornton Wilder\u27s \u27Out Town Reviewed . 17. Maxwell, Robert. Reflections . Poem. 18. Carter, Clarence Holbrook. July . Picture. 18. Browne, Phil. The Drag . Picture. 2. Browne, Phil. A Faithful Servant . Prose. 19. Hanna, Stanley. Jazz . Poem. 20. Hanna, Stanley. M.A. . Poem. 20. Whistler, James McNeill. Rotherhithe . Wager, Dick. Black . Poem. 22. Wager, Dick. Ruthless . Poem. 22. Wager, Dick. Train . Poem. 22. Martindale, Virginia. Song of a Cynic . Poem. 22. Blazys, Alexander. Russian Dancers . Picture. 22. Price II, Ira. The Rains Fell . Prose. 5

The British Army, information management and the First World War revolution in military affairs

Information Management (IM) – the systematic ordering, processing and channelling of information within organisations – forms a critical component of modern military command and control systems. As a subject of scholarly enquiry, however, the history of military IM has been relatively poorly served. Employing new and under-utilised archival sources, this article takes the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of the First World War as its case study and assesses the extent to which its IM system contributed to the emergence of the modern battlefield in 1918. It argues that the demands of fighting a modern war resulted in a general, but not universal, improvement in the BEF’s IM techniques, which in turn laid the groundwork, albeit in embryonic form, for the IM systems of modern armies. KEY WORDS: British Army, Information Management, First World War, Revolution in Military Affairs, Adaptatio