FISIOPATOLOGIA E ABORDAGENS TERAPÊUTICAS EFICAZES NO TRATAMENTO DO TRANSTORNO DE PERSONALIDADE BORDERLINE: UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA DE LITERATURA

Introduction: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is recognized as a complex and debilitating mental condition, characterized by significant emotional instability, unstable patterns of interpersonal relationships and a distorted perception of oneself and the world around. Objective: This literature review seeks to explore the pathophysiology of BPD and examine effective therapeutic approaches, with the aim of providing a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of this challenging mental condition. Methods: A literature review was conducted using academic databases, searching for studies published in the last 15 years that investigated the pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches in BPD. Forty-one studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Results and Discussion: Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) highlight neurobiological dysfunction, especially in emotional regulation. Traditional therapeutic approaches, such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and mindfulness-based interventions have shown efficacy in reducing BPD symptoms. In addition, pharmacotherapy and complementary interventions such as acupuncture and yoga offer additional treatment options, highlighting the need for an integrated and personalized approach to optimize clinical outcomes. Early diagnosis, management of comorbidities and reduction of stigma are important challenges that must be addressed in order to improve the treatment and overall functioning of individuals with BPD. Final Considerations: This review highlights the importance of integrated and personalized approaches to the treatment of BPD, with the aim of improving both symptoms and the overall functioning and quality of life of affected patients.  Introducción: El Trastorno Límite de la Personalidad (TLP) es reconocido como una condición mental compleja y debilitante, caracterizada por una inestabilidad emocional significativa, patrones inestables de relaciones interpersonales y una percepción distorsionada de sí mismo y del mundo que le rodea. Objetivo: Esta revisión bibliográfica pretende explorar la fisiopatología del TLP y examinar los enfoques terapéuticos eficaces, con el fin de proporcionar una visión global y actualizada de esta desafiante enfermedad mental. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura utilizando bases de datos académicas, buscando estudios publicados en los últimos 15 años que investigaran la fisiopatología y los enfoques terapéuticos en el TLP. Cuarenta y unocumplieron los criterios de inclusión y se incluyeron en el análisis. Resultados y Discusión: Los avances en la comprensión de la fisiopatología del Trastorno Límite de la Personalidad (TLP) ponen de manifiesto una disfunción neurobiológica, especialmente en la regulación emocional. Los enfoques terapéuticos tradicionales, como la terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC), y las intervenciones basadas en la atención plena (mindfulness) han demostrado su eficacia para reducir los síntomas del TLP. Además, la farmacoterapia y las intervenciones complementarias como la acupuntura y el yoga ofrecen opciones de tratamiento adicionales, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad de un enfoque integrado y personalizado para optimizar los resultados clínicos. O Transtorno de Personalidade Borderline (TPB) é reconhecido como uma condição mental complexa e debilitante, caracterizada por uma instabilidade emocional significativa, padrões instáveis de relacionamentos interpessoais e uma percepção distorcida de si mesmo e do mundo ao redor. Objetivo: esta revisão bibliográfica busca explorar a fisiopatologia do TPB e examinar abordagens terapêuticas eficazes, com o objetivo de fornecer uma visão abrangente e atualizada sobre esta condição mental desafiadora. Metódos: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica utilizando bases de dados acadêmicas, buscando estudos publicados nos últimos 15 anos que investigassem a fisiopatologia e abordagens terapêuticas no TPB. Foram 41 estudos que preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram incluídos na análise. Resultados e Discussão: Os avanços na compreensão da fisiopatologia do Transtorno de Personalidade Borderline (TPB) destacam a disfunção neurobiológica, especialmente na regulação emocional. Abordagens terapêuticas tradicionais, como a Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC), e intervenções baseadas em mindfulness têm demonstrado eficácia na redução dos sintomas do TPB. Além disso, a farmacoterapia e intervenções complementares, como acupuntura e yoga, oferecem opções adicionais de tratamento, destacando a necessidade de uma abordagem integrada e personalizada para otimizar os resultados clínicos. O diagnóstico precoce, o manejo das comorbidades e a redução do estigma são desafios importantes que devem ser abordados para melhorar o tratamento e o funcionamento global dos indivíduos com TPB. Considerações Finais: Essa revisão importância de abordagens integradas e personalizadas para o tratamento do TPB, visando melhorar tanto os sintomas quanto o funcionamento global e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes afetados.Introdução: O Transtorno de Personalidade Borderline (TPB) é reconhecido como uma condição mental complexa e debilitante, caracterizada por uma instabilidade emocional significativa, padrões instáveis de relacionamentos interpessoais e uma percepção distorcida de si mesmo e do mundo ao redor. Objetivo: esta revisão bibliográfica busca explorar a fisiopatologia do TPB e examinar abordagens terapêuticas eficazes, com o objetivo de fornecer uma visão abrangente e atualizada sobre esta condição mental desafiadora. Metódos: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica utilizando bases de dados acadêmicas, buscando estudos publicados nos últimos 15 anos que investigassem a fisiopatologia e abordagens terapêuticas no TPB. Foram 41 estudos que preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram incluídos na análise. Resultados e Discussão: Os avanços na compreensão da fisiopatologia do Transtorno de Personalidade Borderline (TPB) destacam a disfunção neurobiológica, especialmente na regulação emocional. Abordagens terapêuticas tradicionais, como a Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC), e intervenções baseadas em mindfulness têm demonstrado eficácia na redução dos sintomas do TPB. Além disso, a farmacoterapia e intervenções complementares, como acupuntura e yoga, oferecem opções adicionais de tratamento, destacando a necessidade de uma abordagem integrada e personalizada para otimizar os resultados clínicos. O diagnóstico precoce, o manejo das comorbidades e a redução do estigma são desafios importantes que devem ser abordados para melhorar o tratamento e o funcionamento global dos indivíduos com TPB. Considerações Finais: Essa revisão importância de abordagens integradas e personalizadas para o tratamento do TPB, visando melhorar tanto os sintomas quanto o funcionamento global e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes afetados

Simultaneous Effects of Light Intensity and Phosphorus Supply on the Sterol Content of Phytoplankton

Sterol profiles of microalgae and their change with environmental conditions are of great interest in ecological food web research and taxonomic studies alike. Here, we investigated effects of light intensity and phosphorus supply on the sterol content of phytoplankton and assessed potential interactive effects of these important environmental factors on the sterol composition of algae. We identified sterol contents of four common phytoplankton genera, Scenedesmus, Chlamydomonas, Cryptomonas and Cyclotella, and analysed the change in sterol content with varying light intensities in both a high-phosphorus and a low-phosphorus approach. Sterol contents increased significantly with increasing light in three out of four species. Phosphorus-limitation reversed the change of sterol content with light intensity, i.e., sterol content decreased with increasing light at low phosphorus supply. Generally sterol contents were lower in low-phosphorus cultures. In conclusion, both light and phosphorus conditions strongly affect the sterol composition of algae and hence should be considered in ecological and taxonomic studies investigating the biochemical composition of algae. Data suggest a possible sterol limitation of growth and reproduction of herbivorous crustacean zooplankton during summer when high light intensities and low phosphorus supply decrease sterol contents of algae

Local flexibility in feeding behaviour and contrasting microhabitat use of an omnivore across latitudes

As the environment is getting warmer and species are redistributed, consumers can be forced to adjust their interactions with available prey, and this could have cascading effects within food webs. To better understand the capacity for foraging flexibility, our study aimed to determine the diet variability of an ectotherm omnivore inhabiting kelp forests, the sea urchin Echinus esculentus, along its entire latitudinal distribution in the northeast Atlantic. Using a combination of gut content and stable isotope analyses, we determined the diet and trophic position of sea urchins at sites in Portugal (42° N), France (49° N), southern Norway (63° N), and northern Norway (70° N), and related these results to the local abundance and distribution of putative food items. With mean estimated trophic levels ranging from 2.4 to 4.6, omnivory and diet varied substantially within and between sites but not across latitudes. Diet composition generally reflected prey availability within epiphyte or understorey assemblages, with local affinities demonstrating that the sea urchin adjusts its foraging to match the small-scale distribution of food items. A net “preference” for epiphytic food sources was found in northern Norway, where understorey food was limited compared to other regions. We conclude that diet change may occur in response to food source redistribution at multiple spatial scales (microhabitats, sites, regions). Across these scales, the way that key consumers alter their foraging in response to food availability can have important implication for food web dynamics and ecosystem functions along current and future environmental gradients

Overwintering individuals of the Arctic krill Thysanoessa inermis appear tolerant to short-term exposure to low pH conditions

Areas of the Arctic Ocean are already experiencing seasonal variation in low pH/elevated pCO2 and are predicted to be the most affected by future ocean acidification (OA). Krill play a fundamental ecological role within Arctic ecosystems, serving as a vital link in the transfer of energy from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels. However, little is known of the chemical habitat occupied by Arctic invertebrate species, and of their responses to changes in seawater pH. Therefore, understanding krill’s responses to low pH conditions has important implications for the prediction of how Arctic marine communities may respond to future ocean change. Here, we present natural seawater carbonate chemistry conditions found in the late polar winter (April) in Kongsfjord, Svalbard (79°North) as well as the response of the Arctic krill, Thysanoessa inermis, exposed to a range of low pH conditions. Standard metabolic rate (measured as oxygen consumption) and energy metabolism markers (incl. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and l-lactate) of T. inermis were examined. We show that after a 7 days experiment with T. inermis, no significant effects of low pH on MO2, ATP and l-lactate were observed. Additionally, we report carbonate chemistry from within Kongsfjord, which showed that the more stratified inner fjord had lower total alkalinity, higher dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO2 and lower pH than the well-mixed outer fjord. Consequently, our results suggest that overwintering individuals of T. inermis may possess sufficient ability to tolerate short-term low pH conditions due to their migratory behaviour, which exposes T. inermis to the naturally varying carbonate chemistry observed within Kongsfjord, potentially allowing T. inermis to tolerate future OA scenarios

Predator–prey interactions in a changing world: humic stress disrupts predator threat evasion in copepods

International audienceIncreasing inputs of colored dissolved organic matter (cDOM), which is mainly composed of humic substances (HS), are a widespread phenomenon of environmental change in aquatic ecosystems. This process of brownification alters the chemical conditions of the environment, but knowledge is lacking of whether elevated cDOM and HS levels interfere with the ability of prey species to evade chemical predator cues and thus affect predator–prey interactions. We assessed the effects of acute and prolonged exposure to HS at increasing concentrations on the ability of freshwater zooplankton to avoid predator threat (imposed by fish kairomones) in laboratory trials with two calanoid copepods (Eudiaptomus gracilis and Heterocope appendiculata). Populations of both species clearly avoided water containing fish kairomones. However, the avoidance behavior weakened with increasing HS concentration, suggesting that HS affected the ability of copepods to perceive or respond to the predator cue. The behavioral responses of the two copepod populations to increasing HS concentrations differed, with H. appendiculata being more sensitive than E. gracilis in an acute exposure scenario, whereas E. gracilis responded more strongly after prolonged exposure. Both showed similar physiological impairment after prolonged exposure, as revealed by their oxidative balance as a stress indicator, but mortality increased more strongly for H. appendiculata when the HS concentration increased. These results indicate that reduced predator threat evasion in the presence of cDOM could make copepods more susceptible to predation in future, with variation in the strength of responses among populations leading to changes in zooplankton communities and lake food-web structure

Demands of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in Daphnia: are they dependent on body size?

Fatty acids contribute to the nutritional quality of the phytoplankton and, thus, play an important role in Daphnia nutrition. One of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)––eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)––has been shown to predict carbon transfer between primary producers and consumers in lakes, suggesting that EPA limitation of Daphnia in nature is widespread. Although the demand for EPA must be covered by the diet, the demand of EPA in Daphnia that differ in body size has not been addressed yet. Here, we hypothesize that the demand for EPA in Daphnia is size-dependent and that bigger species have a higher EPA demand. To elucidate this, a growth experiment was conducted in which at 20 °C three Daphnia taxa (small-sized D. longispina complex, medium-sized D. pulicaria, and large-bodied D. magna) were fed Synechococcus elongatus supplemented with cholesterol and increasing concentrations of EPA. In addition, fatty acid analyses of Daphnia were performed. Our results show that the saturation threshold for EPA-dependent growth increased with increasing body size. This increase in thresholds with body size may provide another mechanism contributing to the prevalence of small-bodied cladocera in warm habitats and to the midsummer decline of large cladocera in eutrophic water bodies