Possessive prefixes in Proto-Kusunda

Three varieties of Kusunda, a moribund language isolate of Nepal, have been recorded in existing literature; in Hodgson (1857), in Reinhard & Toba (1970), and in several recent publications analyzing material elicited from the language’s last two fluent speakers, Gyani Maiya Sen and Kamala Khatri. Each of these varieties exhibits a set of unique phonological and morphological innovations from their latest common ancestor, Proto-Kusunda (PK). This paper seeks to reconstruct the prefixing possessive marking system of PK, using morphological evidence from the 3 attested varieties. Proto-Kusunda is found to have exhibited obligatory possessive marking on a set of inalienably possessed nouns. Possessed nouns were marked with 2 sets of preposed affixes: *t- *n- *g-, which indexed the person of the noun’s possessor, and *-i- *-a- *-u- *-ja-, a set of derivational prefixes which categorized possessed nominals into a number of semantic fields. The formal and functional characteristics of this system are strongly reminiscent of an analogous system of head-marking possession found in the Great Andamanese language family of India, prompting questions of possible areal influence or genetic inheritance in the remote past

The Risk of Zealous Advocacy: Litigators Receiving Anonymously Disclosed Documents and the Notification Requirement

The American Bar Association (ABA) created the Model Rules of Professional Conduct to provide guidance to lawyers, courts, and the entire legal profession regarding what a lawyer’s ethical duties entail. Model Rule 4.4(b) requires a lawyer to notify opposing counsel once the receiving lawyer knows, or reasonably should know, that the documents received were inadvertently sent. The ABA, however, explicitly left documents disclosed intentionally and without authorization beyond the scope of the rules, thus leaving lawyers who receive these documents with little guidance. Courts have taken varying approaches to handling documents of this type: some analogize unauthorized disclosures to inadvertent disclosures and mandate notice for documents provided by anonymous third parties, while others instead refuse to impose a notification requirement. This Note discusses the conflict about the notification requirement and anonymously disclosed documents. It examines the arguments for and against mandating notice to the opposing party in these situations. This Note proposes that notice should be required for intentional disclosures made by anonymous third parties because these documents can be analogized to those addressed in Model Rule 4.4(b), which implements a notice requirement for inadvertent disclosures. This Note then discusses how the ABA is in the best position to resolve the inconsistencies discussed and proposes a revised Model Rule 4.4(b) to help alleviate the uncertainty in this realm

GIS Analysis of Factors Influencing Particulate Pollution in Keene, New Hampshire

This study aims to identify the characteristics of air inversions and Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the city of Keene, New Hampshire. PM2.5 is a type of particulate pollutant with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns that exists naturally, and can be created through industrial processed and the combustion of biomass. The combustion of wood as a home heating fuel is considered the main source of PM2.5 in Keene. Meteorological factors were investigated by searching through quality assured meteorological record provided by the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. Wintertime temperature inversions are of particular concern as they trap pollutants near the ground, creating high concentrations of PM2.5. This is particularly true for Keene, which is in a glacial valley. This study concluded that air inversions and high PM2.5 event are most likely to occur on cold, clear, windless nights during the winter. The temperature must drop at least 11 degrees Fahrenheit, with a dew point close to the ambient temperature. The other objective of the study was to create a model that would predict the areas that will experience high PM2.5 concentrations as the result of demographic and topographical factors. The model was built using Digital Elevation Models, and building footprints provided by the University of New Hampshire Database. Housing density was calculated using the building footprints layer, and combined with areas that have less than three degrees of slope. This was compared to mobile monitoring data collected during the timeframe of the study.Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Chris Brehm

GIS Analysis of Factors Influencing Particulate Pollution in Keene, New Hampshire

This study aims to identify the characteristics of air inversions and Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the city of Keene, New Hampshire. PM2.5 is a type of particulate pollutant with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns that exists naturally, and can be created through industrial processed and the combustion of biomass. The combustion of wood as a home heating fuel is considered the main source of PM2.5 in Keene. Meteorological factors were investigated by searching through quality assured meteorological record provided by the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. Wintertime temperature inversions are of particular concern as they trap pollutants near the ground, creating high concentrations of PM2.5.This is particularly true for Keene, which is in a glacial valley. This study concluded that air inversions and high PM2.5 event are most likely to occur on cold, clear, windless nights during the winter. The temperature must drop at least 11 degrees Fahrenheit, with a dew point close to the ambient temperature. The other objective of the study was to create a model that would predict the areas that will experience high PM2.5 concentrations as the result of demographic and topographical factors. The model was built using Digital Elevation Models, and building footprints provided by the University of New Hampshire Database. Housing density was calculated using the building footprints layer, and combined with areas that have less than three degrees of slope. This was compared to mobile monitoring data collected during the timeframe of the study

Testing Nelder-Mead based repulsion algorithms for multiple roots of nonlinear systems via a two-level factorial design of experiments

This paper addresses the challenging task of computing multiple roots of a system of nonlinear equations. A repulsion algorithm that invokes the Nelder-Mead (N-M) local search method and uses a penalty-type merit function based on the error function, known as 'erf', is presented. In the N-M algorithm context, different strategies are proposed to enhance the quality of the solutions and improve the overall efficiency. The main goal of this paper is to use a two-level factorial design of experiments to analyze the statistical significance of the observed differences in selected performance criteria produced when testing different strategies in the N-M based repulsion algorithm. The main goal of this paper is to use a two-level factorial design of experiments to analyze the statistical significance of the observed differences in selected performance criteria produced when testing different strategies in the N-M based repulsion algorithm.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT

Computerâ aided diagnosis of pulmonary nodules on CT scans: Segmentation and classification using 3D active contours

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135040/1/mp7129.pd

A coupled 3D isogeometric and discrete element approach for modelling interactions between structures and granular matters

A three-dimensional (3D) isogeometric/discrete-element coupling method is presented for modelling contact/impact between structures and particles. This method takes advantages of the geometry smoothness and exactness of isogeometric analysis (IGA) for continuous solid media and the effectiveness and flexibility of the discrete element method (DEM) for particulate matters. The coupling procedure for handling interactions between IGA elements and discrete elements (DEs) includes global search, local search and interaction calculation. In the global search, the CGRID method is modified to detect potential contact pairs between IGA elements and DEs based on their bounding box representations. The strong convex hull property of a NURBS control mesh plays an important part in the bounding box representation of IGA elements. In the local search, the proposed approach treats each spherical DE centroid as a slave node and the contact surface of each IGA element as the master surface. The projection of a DE centroid onto an IGA element contact surface is solved by modifying the simplex method and Brent iterations. The contact force between an IGA element and a DE is determined from their penetration by using a (nonlinear) penalty function based method. The whole coupled system is solved by the explicit time integration within a updated Lagrangian scheme. Finally, three impact examples, including the impact of two symmetric bars, a tube onto a footing strip, and an assembly of granular particles to a tailor rolled blank, are simulated in elastic regime to assess the accuracy and applicability of the proposed method

Design allowables for composite aerospace structures

Recent developments in aircraft design have seen the Airbus A380 and the Hoeing Dreamliner employ significant amounts of advanced composite materials. There is some thought however, und the motivation for this current work, that these materials continue to suffer a weight penalty. In this work tests required to generate design allowables which accommodate environmental effects and holes arc performed on Carbon/epoxy quasi-isotropic laminatcs. The test data is treated statistically to provide B-basis allowables for each specimen type and condition. It was seen that the notched specimens (coupons containing a centrally placed through hole) displayed significantly less scatter in strength than unnotched specimens. This is significant when considering the widespread use of deterministic knock-down factors as an alternative route to obtain design allowables which accommodate environmental effects .md/or holes. This results in an over-conservative design allowable being employed in subsequent structural design calculations. The possibility for using notched coupons to determine design allowables was explored using the COG (Critical Damage Growth) model. This showed that. given two of the three parameters. the unnotched and notched strength, and fracture toughness the variation in strengths could be reasonable predicted. This leads to a more representative design allowable by maintaining the statistical nature of the B-basis allowable. During the statistical treatment of the test data it was also seen that although current aerospace guidelines recommend a particular distribution model (i.e. the Wcibull distribution) this can also leads to an artificially reduced design allowable. These findings suggest that the use of notched specimens can lead to a reduced development test programme and reduced structural weight.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Effectiveness of the U.S. Navy's Basic Skills Enhancement Program entitled Functional Applied Skills Training (FAST)

This thesis explores the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy's basic skills enhancement program entitled Functional Applied Skills Training (FAST) in providing the basic reading skills necessary for enlisted personnel to more ably perform their jobs in the U.S. Navy fleet during the first three years of their enlistment. Current FAST program mission, FAST's impact on fleet job performance, and future U.S. Navy enlisted manpower requirements are examined to identify mission areas where program improvements can be made. Enlisted advancement probabilities, which reflect enlisted job performance, for FAST program participants and non-participants were calculated using a statistical regression model. Results of these calculations indicate that a recruit's participation in the FAST program significantly increases his or her probability of advancing to grade E-4 within the first three years of his or her enlistment. However, considering the anticipated defense drawdown and the need to enlist a cadre of high-quality service members, the mission of the FAST program will require redefinition to avoid the ax that will be used to accomplish future budget cutbacks.http://archive.org/details/effectivenessofu1094527677Lieutenant, United States NavyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited