4 research outputs found
Kézművesipar Északkelet-Magyarországon (16-20. század) = Handicraft in North-East Hungary (16-20. Century)
A kutatási program vĂ©geredmĂ©nye Északkelet-Magyarország 5 törtĂ©neti vármegyĂ©je (AbaĂşj, Borsod, Gömör, Torna Ă©s ZemplĂ©n) kĂ©zműves ipartörtĂ©netĂ©t bemutatĂł kötet. A feldolgozás a kijelölt idĹ‘határok ellenĂ©re a legkorábbi emlĂ©kekig visszanyĂşlva igyekszik átfogĂł, rĂ©szletes kĂ©pet szolgáltatni az egyes kĂ©zművesipari tevĂ©kenysĂ©gi formákrĂłl a levĂ©ltárakban Ă©s mĂşzeumokban fellelhetĹ‘, döntĹ‘en eddig feltáratlan források segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel. Az iparágak mĂşltját bemutatĂł egysĂ©geket elemzĹ‘ tanulmányok bizonyĂtják, hogy Ă©vszázadokig Kassa volt a tĂ©rsĂ©g egyeduralkodĂł kĂ©zművesipari centruma. HegemĂłniáját a 19. század elejĂ©n Miskolc törte meg. A feldolgozás meggyĹ‘zĹ‘en mutatja be a kĂ©zművesipar szerkezetĂ©ben bekövetkezett változásokat is a terĂĽleti átrendezĹ‘dĂ©sekkel összhangban. | The result of the research programme is a book about the handicrafts' industrial history of the 5 historical counties in north-east Hungary (Gömör, AbaĂşj, ZemplĂ©n, Torna and Borsod). Dating back to the earliest records the processing tries, in despite of the assigned terms, to give a comprehensive and detailed picture of all the appearances of activities in the handicraft with the help of the still unexplored resources in archives and museums. The studies, which analyse the units showing the history of the manufactures, proof, that Kosice was the autocratic centre of the area's handicraft for centuries. Its hegemony ended in the beginning of the 19th century in Miskolc. The processing also convincingly shows the changes, which have occurred in the structure of the handicraft in accordance with the regional re-arrange
A guild’s trade of a rural town in the review of contemporary town records. Trading history of Miskolc Guilds (1761–1848)
Doktori Ă©rtekezĂ©sĂĽnkben arra tettĂĽnk kĂsĂ©rletet, hogy az eddig ilyen aspektusbĂłl kevĂ©ssĂ© kutatott városi jegyzĹ‘könyvek vizsgálatán keresztĂĽl, a miskolci cĂ©htörtĂ©netnek egy olyan terĂĽletĂ©t tárjuk fel, melyre mind ez idáig mĂ©g alapkutatások szintjĂ©n sem kerĂĽlt sor. A tĂ©maválasztást indokolta, hogy napjainkig a magyar cĂ©htörtĂ©neti munkák is kevĂ©s figyelmet szenteltek a város Ă©s a cĂ©hek kapcsolatának. Munkánkban termĂ©szetesen nem tekinthettĂĽnk el a cĂ©htörtĂ©net azon terĂĽleteinek bemutatásátĂłl sem, melyekre vonatkozĂłan a jegyzĹ‘könyvek nem, vagy alig szolgáltattak adatokat. MegĂtĂ©lĂ©sĂĽnk szerint ezek ismertetĂ©se elengedhetetlen volt ahhoz, hogy összefĂĽggĂ©seiben lássuk a cĂ©hek Ă©s a város viszonyát. Ezt mĂ©g a város ipartörtĂ©netĂ©nek leginkább feltárt terĂĽletein is fontosnak tartottuk, ezĂ©rt pĂ©ldául – a terjedelmi korlátok figyelembe vĂ©tele mellett – mindenkĂ©ppen szĂĽksĂ©gesnek ĂtĂ©ltĂĽk meg a termelĂ©s Ă©s Ă©rtĂ©kesĂtĂ©s bemutatását. A forrás gazdagsága ugyanakkor lehetĹ‘sĂ©get nyĂşjtott arra, hogy Miskolc cĂ©htörtĂ©netĂ©nek számos, eddig mĂ©g tisztázatlan kĂ©rdĂ©sĂ©re is választ kapjunk, mint pĂ©ldául egyes cĂ©hek alapĂtásának körĂĽlmĂ©nyeire, idĹ‘pontjára. KĂĽlönösen fontosnak ĂtĂ©ltĂĽk meg a zsidĂł cĂ©hre vonatkozĂł adatokat, mert egyrĂ©szt a cĂ©h irattára megsemmisĂĽlt, Ăgy a kutatĂłk csak Szendrei János munkáira hagyatkozhatnak, megĂtĂ©lĂ©sĂĽnk szerint azonban jelentĹ‘sĂ©gĂ©t a társulatnak a magyarországi cĂ©htörtĂ©netben elfoglalt kĂĽlönleges helyzete is indokolta. Éppen ezĂ©rt a feltárt anyagot szinte teljes terjedelmĂ©ben közreadtuk, vállalva annak kockázatát, hogy az iparfejlĹ‘dĂ©s sajátosságait bemutatĂł fejezetĂĽnk esetleg aránytalanná válik.
A cĂ©hek Ă©s város kapcsolatának kutatása során elsĹ‘dleges szempont volt a cĂ©hek Ă©rdekĂ©rvĂ©nyesĂtĹ‘ kĂ©pessĂ©gĂ©nek vizsgálata. A kutatás tapasztalatait összegezve, azt állapĂthattuk meg, hogy korszakunkban a cĂ©hek városi Ă©rdekĂ©rvĂ©nyesĂtĹ‘ kĂ©pessĂ©ge folyamatosan gyengĂĽlt. Ennek rĂ©szben az volt az oka, hogy a cĂ©hes iparosok a városi tanácsban kisebb arányban kĂ©pviseltettĂ©k magukat, mint azt a városi társadalomban betöltött helyzetĂĽk, arányuk indokolta volna. Ugyanakkor a városi jegyzĹ‘könyvek vizsgálata arra is rámutatott, hogy a tanácsban helyet foglalĂł cĂ©hes iparosok gyakran inkább saját, mintsem a cĂ©hek Ă©rdekeit kĂ©pviseltĂ©k.
A cĂ©hek gazdasági Ă©rdeke sokszor ellentĂ©tes volt a város, illetve a koronauradalom Ă©rdekĂ©vel, Ăgy nem is remĂ©lhettek hatĂ©kony támogatást bizonyos kĂ©rdĂ©sekben, mint a kontárokkal szembeni fellĂ©pĂ©s esetĂ©ben. Ez azonban nem miskolci sajátosság volt, mint ahogy az sem, hogy korszakunkban a cĂ©hek elvesztettĂ©k igazságszolgáltatási jogukat. A központi iparpolitika törekvĂ©sei, egybe esvĂ©n a város Ă©rdekeivel, a jogszolgáltatást a mezĹ‘város hatáskörĂ©be utalta. A cĂ©hbiztosi tisztsĂ©g lĂ©trehozásával a cĂ©hek Ă©lete szigorĂş városi ellenĹ‘rzĂ©s Ă©s felĂĽgyelet alá kerĂĽlt, Ă©s ez mĂ©g akkor is igaz, ha tisztsĂ©g betöltĂ©sĂ©nĂ©l a tanács messzemenĹ‘en figyelembe vette a cĂ©hek kĂvánságait.
A cĂ©hek leginkább más városok iparosaival, cĂ©heivel vĂvott kĂĽzdelmĂĽkben számĂthattak a város támogatására. E terĂĽleten volt a legerĹ‘sebb az Ă©rdekĂ©rvĂ©nyesĂtĹ‘ kĂ©pessĂ©gĂĽk, ami annak tĂĽkrĂ©ben nem meglepĹ‘, hogy e kĂ©rdĂ©sben azonosak voltak a cĂ©hek Ă©s a város, illetve a koronauradalom Ă©rdekei, hiszen utĂłbbiak számára is kiemelt jelentĹ‘sĂ©gű volt, hogy a város polgárai megĹ‘rizzĂ©k adĂłfizetĹ‘ kĂ©pessĂ©gĂĽket.
ÉrtekezĂ©sĂĽnkben egy-egy fejezetet szenteltĂĽnk kĂ©t olyan terĂĽletnek, melyek nem kapcsolĂłdtak szorosan az Ă©rdekĂ©rvĂ©nyesĂtĂ©s tĂ©makörĂ©hez. MegĂtĂ©lĂ©sĂĽnk szerint azonban mind az iparosok városgazdálkodásban, mind a cĂ©hek tűzvĂ©delemben betöltött szerepĂ©nek vizsgálata elengedhetetlen ahhoz, hogy teljes spektrumában feltárhassuk a cĂ©hek Ă©s a mezĹ‘város viszonyát. UtĂłbbi jelentĹ‘sĂ©gĂ©t azĂ©rt is tartottuk kĂĽlönösen fontosnak, mert a tűz nemcsak Miskolcra, hanem a korabeli magyar telepĂĽlĂ©sekre is a legnagyobb veszĂ©lyt jelentette, ugyanakkor a tűzvĂ©delemben valĂł rĂ©szvĂ©tel a cĂ©heknek sajátos funkciĂłt kölcsönzött a mezĹ‘város igazgatásában, rendjĂ©nek megĹ‘rzĂ©sĂ©ben. Nem utolsĂł sorban az is indokolta a kiemelt figyelmet, hogy korszakunkban – a katonaság mellett – a cĂ©hek tagsága jelentette az egyetlen szervezett társadalmi rĂ©teget, amely hatĂ©konyan lĂ©phetett fel a gyakori tűzvĂ©szekkel szemben.
In my PhD thesis I have tried -through less observed town records –to discover such a field of history of Miskolc City’s guilds which did not take place for the time being yet.
The fact that current essays about the connection in between cities and guilds are often paying less attention to this topic is the main reason of choosing this subject. In my work by all means I could not really leave out presenting those aspects which are not mentioned in town reports and/or difficult to find any data on. From my perspective it is essential to review the above in connection to have the overview of the relation of the towns and guilds. I also have found it remarkable from the aspect of the town’s most discovered industrial history, that is the reason why- considering the limits of lengths of this thesis - to present the production and also sales. At the same time the richness of the sources gave me the possibility to answer most of Miskolc’s history’s unclear questions, such as the circumstances and date of certain guilds foundations.
Hereby I would like to emphasize the importance of the files referring to the Jewish guilds, because on one hand the pertinent files have been perished and therefore all prospectors can only rely on the work of Mr. János Szendrei. This is the main reason why I released the whole essay in full lengths taking the risk of disproportion of the chapter describing the development of the industry.
During observing the relation of the town and the guilds it was essential to examine the lobby ability of the guilds.
Summarizing the experiences of the survey we can clearly state that recently the above mentioned ability of lobby of the guilds is continuously weakening. The reason of it is partly the fact that craftsmen from the guilds are represented themselves in minority in town’s counsel, not truly reflecting their role in the town’s society At the same time it is clearly visible from the town reports that craftsmen participating the counsel often represented their own interests rather then the representing the interests of the guilds.
The economic interest of the guilds are often was in opposition to the interests of the town, and so to the interest of the manor. This has resulted in the fact that they could not indeed hope effective support in certain matters, such as assertion against the Bunglers. Nevertheless this was not typical of Miskolc, such as losing the right for jurisdiction. The intentions of central industrial policy, coincidentally to interests of the town referred the jurisdiction to the competence of he rural cores. Establishing the title of the Guild Commissioner the guilds’ life has come under the town’s strict control and supervision – this applied as well to the case when the Counsel has taken into account the requests of the guilds when holding the position.
Mostly guilds could count on the town’s support in contests with other town’s guilds. On this field was their capability of lobby the strongest, which is not surprising - because in these fields were the guilds, the town’s and the manor’s interests similar. From the manor’s point of view it was essential to maintain the citizen’s tax solvency.
In my essay I behoved a couple chapters to two special fields which have no strong connection to the main topic. In my opinion however in discovering the relation of the town and guilds it is essential to examine the craftsmen administration and the guilds fire service. I considered the significance of the ulterior to be important, because the fire meant to be the biggest danger to towns other then Miskolc, and also taking part in town’s fire service brought special position to the guilds in administration, and security of the town. Above all these the reason of higher importance is that apart from the army - guilds were the only organised societies being able to play effective role in the frequent combustions.
Until present - in the past decades many fields of guild’s and town’s life were discovered, such as agriculture and sales, also the role of the guilds in the economy of the region, and as I referred to it earlier, there are several researches concerning the history of many local guild. I hope that my work offered a closer view of the relation in between the guilds and town, and at the same time highlighted the fact that many fields would require further researches, among which I found 3 specially important. These are the followings. Relation of the county and the guilds, the manor and the guilds. Finally analysing the contemporary notes on towns, to have overview on craftsmen’ financial, religious and ethnical distribution. From my perspective these aspects can stand as individual topics of other PhD essays.d