542 research outputs found
Modelling groundwater/surface-water interaction in a managed riparian chalk valley wetland
Understanding hydrological processes in wetlands may be complicated by management practices and complex groundwater/surface water interactions. This is especially true for wetlands underlain by permeable geology, such as chalk. In this study, the physically based, distributed model MIKE SHE is used to simulate hydrological processes at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology River Lambourn Observatory, Boxford, Berkshire, UK. This comprises a 10-ha lowland, chalk valley bottom, riparian wetland designated for its conservation value and scientific interest. Channel management and a compound geology exert important, but to date not completely understood, influences upon hydrological conditions. Model calibration and validation were based upon comparisons of observed and simulated groundwater heads and channel stages over an equally split 20-month period. Model results are generally consistent with field observations and include short-term responses to events as well as longer-term seasonal trends. An intrinsic difficulty in representing compressible, anisotropic soils limited otherwise excellent performance in some areas. Hydrological processes in the wetland are dominated by the interaction between groundwater and surface water. Channel stage provides head boundaries for broad water levels across the wetland, whilst areas of groundwater upwelling control discrete head elevations. A relic surface drainage network confines flooding extents and routes seepage to the main channels. In-channel macrophyte growth and its management have an acute effect on water levels and the proportional contribution of groundwater and surface water. The implications of model results for management of conservation species and their associated habitats are discusse
Disordered Hubbard Model with Attraction: Coupling Energy of Cooper Pairs in Small Clusters
We generalize the Cooper problem to the case of many interacting particles in
the vicinity of the Fermi level in the presence of disorder. On the basis of
this approach we study numerically the variation of the pair coupling energy in
small clusters as a function of disorder. We show that the Cooper pair energy
is strongly enhanced by disorder, which at the same time leads to the
localization of pairs.Comment: revtex, 5 pages, 6 figure
Some unique benefits with Sudangrass for improved U.S. #1 yields and size of Russet Burbank potato
Three studies provided additional knowledge of
beneficial effects of sudangrass for yield and quality
increases of the Russet Burbank potato. Thro of these
studies showed significant 'increases of both U.S. #1 and
smooth tubers >280 g following green manures of sudangrass.
These sudangrass (HS-33) effects did not differ
from a sorghum-sudan hybrid (Trudan-8). When a sudangrass
green manure was compared with a fallow treatment,
results of the first study showed mean yield
increases of 36% for U.S. #1 tubers >280 g and yields of
a second study by 34% for U.S. #1 tubers. This same
sudangrass treatment outperformed green manures of
either Austrian winter pea, barley, or sweet corn by
increased U.S. #1 yields that ranged from 27% to 61%.
By several lines of evidence, these benefits were found
to extend beyond the effect of Verticillium suppression.
Soil N was significantly increased following green
manures of sudangrass, and these increases were in turn
negatively correlated with wilt incidence and positively
correlated with yields of both U.S. #1 tubers and tubers
>280 g. Additional benefits also included significant
increases of tuber grade percentages for marketable
tubers and of smooth tubers >280 g. Benefits from
sudangrass green manures beyond the effects of Verticillium
suppression became further evident following a
greenhouse study that involved field soil and sudangrass
that had been grown in the same field. This study corroborated both field experiments by showing increased
yields with green manures of sudangrass that approximated
5.5 t ha-1 dry wt. As with the field studies, these
yield benefits also extended beyond the effects of Verticillium
suppression and were closely associated with significant
increases of Fusarium equiseti, F. oxysporum,
and F. solani. Throughout all studies, sudangrass green
manures significantly increased microbial activities with
increased populations of Fusarium spp. and increased
concentrations in soil of mineralizable N, organic P, K,
Mn, along with the percent soil organic matter — all factors
that could have contributed to significant increases
of yield and quality
Instream and riparian implications of weed cutting in a chalk river
Macrophyte growth is extensive in the iconic chalk streams that are concentrated in southern and eastern England. Widespread and frequent weed cutting is undertaken to maintain their key functions (e.g. flood water conveyance and maintenance of viable fisheries). In this study, a multidisciplinary approach was adopted to quantify coincident physico-chemical responses (instream and riparian) that result from weed cutting and
to discuss their potential implications. Three weed cuts were monitored at a site on the River Lambourn (The CEH River Lambourn Observatory) and major instream and riparian impacts were observed. Measurements clearly
demonstrated how weed cutting enhanced flood flow conveyance, reduced water levels (river and wetland), increased river velocities, and mobilised suspended sediment (with associated chemicals) and reduced the capacity for its retention within the river channel. Potential implications in relation to flood risk, water resources, downstream water quality, instream and riparian ecology, amenity value of the river, and wetland greenhouse gas emissions were considered. Provided the major influence of macrophytes on instream and riparian environments is fully understood then the manipulation of macrophytes represents an effective management tool that demonstrates the great potential of working with nature
Many particle entanglement in two-component Bose-Einstein Condensates
We investigate schemes to dynamically create many particle entangled states
of a two component Bose-Einstein condensate in a very short time proportional
to 1/N where is the number of condensate particles. For small we
compare exact numerical calculations with analytical semiclassical estimates
and find very good agreement for . We also estimate the effect of
decoherence on our scheme, study possible scenarios for measuring the entangled
states, and investigate experimental imperfections.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure
Single Spin Asymmetry in Polarized Proton-Proton Elastic Scattering at GeV
We report a high precision measurement of the transverse single spin
asymmetry at the center of mass energy GeV in elastic
proton-proton scattering by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The was measured
in the four-momentum transfer squared range \GeVcSq, the region of a significant interference between the
electromagnetic and hadronic scattering amplitudes. The measured values of
and its -dependence are consistent with a vanishing hadronic spin-flip
amplitude, thus providing strong constraints on the ratio of the single
spin-flip to the non-flip amplitudes. Since the hadronic amplitude is dominated
by the Pomeron amplitude at this , we conclude that this measurement
addresses the question about the presence of a hadronic spin flip due to the
Pomeron exchange in polarized proton-proton elastic scattering.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure
Longitudinal double-spin asymmetry and cross section for inclusive neutral pion production at midrapidity in polarized proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 200 GeV
We report a measurement of the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry A_LL and
the differential cross section for inclusive Pi0 production at midrapidity in
polarized proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 200 GeV. The cross section was
measured over a transverse momentum range of 1 < p_T < 17 GeV/c and found to be
in good agreement with a next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculation.
The longitudinal double-spin asymmetry was measured in the range of 3.7 < p_T <
11 GeV/c and excludes a maximal positive gluon polarization in the proton. The
mean transverse momentum fraction of Pi0's in their parent jets was found to be
around 0.7 for electromagnetically triggered events.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. D (RC
High non-photonic electron production in + collisions at = 200 GeV
We present the measurement of non-photonic electron production at high
transverse momentum ( 2.5 GeV/) in + collisions at
= 200 GeV using data recorded during 2005 and 2008 by the STAR
experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The measured
cross-sections from the two runs are consistent with each other despite a large
difference in photonic background levels due to different detector
configurations. We compare the measured non-photonic electron cross-sections
with previously published RHIC data and pQCD calculations. Using the relative
contributions of B and D mesons to non-photonic electrons, we determine the
integrated cross sections of electrons () at 3 GeV/10 GeV/ from bottom and charm meson decays to be = 4.0({\rm
stat.})({\rm syst.}) nb and =
6.2({\rm stat.})({\rm syst.}) nb, respectively.Comment: 17 pages, 17 figure
Evolution of the differential transverse momentum correlation function with centrality in Au+Au collisions at GeV
We present first measurements of the evolution of the differential transverse
momentum correlation function, {\it C}, with collision centrality in Au+Au
interactions at GeV. {\it C} exhibits a strong dependence
on collision centrality that is qualitatively similar to that of number
correlations previously reported. We use the observed longitudinal broadening
of the near-side peak of {\it C} with increasing centrality to estimate the
ratio of the shear viscosity to entropy density, , of the matter formed
in central Au+Au interactions. We obtain an upper limit estimate of
that suggests that the produced medium has a small viscosity per unit entropy.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, STAR paper published in Phys. Lett.
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