Evaluation and Improvement of the Effective Factors on Interaction in Urban Space with Emphasize on Children’s Presence: Case Study of Sanandaj

These days, the compatibility of the urban spaces and the needs of the residents found an especial importance by developing cities and urban spaces. The urban developing experts emphasize on the role of urban spaces in neighborhood scale in creating the social and personal needs; therefore, the presented research attended to evaluate the case study (Ghalechaharlan neighborhood Sanandaj) for developing the interaction in the urban space with emphasizes on children’s needs. The theoretical bases of the research have been taken from scientists’ theories in different urban and regional, economic, social areas. For facility, the research’s evaluating model has a whole goal of two criteria: physical and nonphysical, six sub-criteria: neighborhood context, open space, the existent elements in the space, the management characteristics, social and psychological. The research type is application. The methodology is descriptive-analytical. The method for gathering the data is done as executive, completing the questionnaires of parents, children and authorities. For evaluating the data, the SPSS software, Chi-square independent test and student T-test by utilizing two hypotheses (H0, H1) was used. In this research 149 questioners were filled. Finding showed that Chi-Square=12.506; that is, there is relationship between children’s interaction (move in the space) and the housing type. And t=21.685 cleared that the children’s satisfaction from physical characteristics of Ghalechaharlan Neighborhood space is more than non-physical characteristics. Finally, according to the codified model, the presented research attended to the presented ways for improving the quality of child-like environment and children’s social interaction development

Evaluation and Improvement of the Effective Factors on Interaction in Urban Space with Emphasize on Children’s Presence: Case Study of Sanandaj

These days, the compatibility of the urban spaces and the needs of the residents found an especial importance by developing cities and urban spaces. The urban developing experts emphasize on the role of urban spaces in neighborhood scale in creating the social and personal needs; therefore, the presented research attended to evaluate the case study (Ghalechaharlan neighborhood Sanandaj) for developing the interaction in the urban space with emphasizes on children’s needs. The theoretical bases of the research have been taken from scientists’ theories in different urban and regional, economic, social areas. For facility, the research’s evaluating model has a whole goal of two criteria: physical and nonphysical, six sub-criteria: neighborhood context, open space, the existent elements in the space, the management characteristics, social and psychological. The research type is application. The methodology is descriptive-analytical. The method for gathering the data is done as executive, completing the questionnaires of parents, children and authorities. For evaluating the data, the SPSS software, Chi-square independent test and student T-test by utilizing two hypotheses (H0, H1) was used. In this research 149 questioners were filled. Finding showed that Chi-Square=12.506; that is, there is relationship between children’s interaction (move in the space) and the housing type. And t=21.685 cleared that the children’s satisfaction from physical characteristics of Ghalechaharlan Neighborhood space is more than non-physical characteristics. Finally, according to the codified model, the presented research attended to the presented ways for improving the quality of child-like environment and children’s social interaction development

Awareness of Ergonomics and its Relationship with the Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders: a study on physiotherapists in Shiraz, Iran

Background: Ergonomics is a science dealing with human's physical and mental abilities and limitations, and inattention to this science leads to physical injuries among the staff and consequently affects the efficiency and productivity of the organisations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness of Shiraz physiotherapists about ergonomics and its relation with the prevalence of their musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2015 on all physiotherapists working in Shiraz hospitals. Data were collected through a questionnaire about the awareness of ergonomics and analyzed through SPSS22 software package. Results: Mean age and work experience of the physiotherapists were respectively 34.06±8.5 and 9.38±7.45 years. Mean awareness of subjects about ergonomics principles, work conditions and the rate of occupational injuries and work problems were respectively 3.15 ± 0.5, 2.70 ± 0.52 and 1.80 ± 0.82 from 5. There was a significant relationship between awareness of ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (P=0.04). Increase in awareness of ergonomics was associated with decrease of the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (P=0.04, CI 95% =0.086-0.995, OR=0.259). Conclusion: The results show that increased awareness of ergonomics leads to musculoskeletal disorders reduction. Therefore, compiled educational programs can have a significant impact on learning about right body postures during work and can consequently reduce musculoskeletal disorders and occupational injuries and problems

Estado de la calidad en las compras estratégicas en el sistema de salud: Una revisión sistemática

Introducction. Strategic purchasing is an important component of financing in the health system. It can enhance productivity, justice, and accountability in the health care delivery in case of considering the quality. This study, which was conducted as a systematic review, was aimed at investigating the status of quality in five domains of strategic purchasing in the health system to answer what, for whom, from whom, how to buy, and how much to buy. Material and Methods: This study systematically reviewed the articles published in the databases of Web of Sciences (WOS), Scopus, PubMed, Medline via Ovid, Embase from 2000 to October 2019. The keywords used to search the databases included the following: Health Care Sector, Delivery of Health Care, Quality Assurance, Quality Improvement, and Strategic Purchasing. A total of 182 articles were selected and reviewed by four researchers. Articles with irrelevant content were excluded. Data of the selected articles were analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: Of the 182 articles collected through searching the selected databases, 16 articles were analyzed. Based on the results of this study, strategic purchasing in the health system results in the delivery of services with higher quality. Conclusion: Strategic purchasing can enhance the performance of the health system through choosing the most appropriate provider and the most appropriate payment method, along with equity in providing quality health care services.Introduction. Las compras estratégicas son un componente importante del financiamiento del sistema de salud. Puede mejorar la productividad, la justicia y la responsabilidad en la prestación de atención médica en caso de considerar la calidad. Este estudio, que se realizó como una revisión sistemática, tuvo como objetivo investigar el estado de la calidad en cinco dominios de compras estratégicas en el sistema de salud para responder qué, para quién, de quién, cómo comprar y cuánto comprar. Material y Métodos: Este estudio revisó sistemáticamente los artículos publicados en las bases de datos de Web of Sciences (WOS), Scopus, PubMed, Medline vía Ovid, Embase desde 2000 hasta octubre de 2019. Las palabras clave utilizadas para la búsqueda en las bases de datos incluyeron las siguientes: Sector Salud, Entrega de atención médica, garantía de calidad, mejora de la calidad y compras estratégicas. Un total de 182 artículos fueron seleccionados y revisados ​​por cuatro investigadores. Se excluyeron los artículos con contenido irrelevante. Los datos de los artículos seleccionados se analizaron mediante el método de análisis de contenido. Resultados: De los 182 artículos recopilados mediante la búsqueda en las bases de datos seleccionadas, se analizaron 16 artículos. Con base en los resultados de este estudio, las compras estratégicas en el sistema de salud resultan en la entrega de servicios con mayor calidad. Conclusión: Las compras estratégicas pueden mejorar el desempeño del sistema de salud al elegir el proveedor más apropiado y el método de pago más apropiado, junto con la equidad en la prestación de servicios de atención médica de calidad

Assessing the Effect of the Relationship Marketing on the Customers’ Loyalty in the Public and Private Banks of the Qom Province: A Case Study of Public and Private Banks of the Qom Province

Competition intensity in market places and perceiving the importance of the customers’ retention for organizations has declined them to develop and maintain long-term relations with the costumers. According to marketing scholars, relationship marketing is the best strategy for this purpose. In this article, the relation of relationship marketing factors and the customers’ loyalty, factors priority and the difference of these variables in the public and private banks in the province of Qom has been assessed.Statistical society of the present research consists of 110 customers of a private bank and a public bank in the province of Qom. The medium for data gathering was a questionnaire, and in this research, a statistical society average test and Fridman test have been used to analyze the data, correlation test to study the relation between marketing factors and customers’ loyalty, and the Two-sample T-Test to study the differences among the variables in the two types of public and private banks.  And the results obtained by analyzing the data indicate that there is a positive relation between relationship marketing factors and customers’ loyalty. Commitment, trust, communication and conflict handling factors hold the first to fourth priorities in relation to the customers’ loyalty. And also among the research variables in the two types of public and private banks, no meaningful difference could be observed

Incidence of dental developmental anomalies in permanent dentition among Ardabil population, Iran, in 2015-2016

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Dental anomalies are typically detected in radiographic screening. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the dental anomalies found in panoramic radiographs taken from the study population in Ardabil, Iran, in 2015-2016. METHODS: The present study was conducted on 1800 panoramic radiographs obtained from 799 men and 1001 women in the Radiology Department, Dental Faculty of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil. The radiographs were precisely evaluated in terms of various dental anomalies, including root dilaceration, missing teeth, impaction, retained deciduous, supernumerary teeth, peg lateral teeth, talon cusp, taurodontism, and lingual pit. The data were analyzed using the chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. RESULTS: The results of this study revealed that 331 patients had at least one dental anomaly. Dilaceration with 42.0% was the most common anomaly. The other anomalies detected in the radiographs included missing teeth, impaction, lingual pit, peg lateral teeth, retained deciduous teeth, supernumerary teeth, talon cusp, and taurodontism with a rate of 20.2%, 18.4%, 10.8%, 10.2%, 7.8%, 6.6%, 1.5%, and 0.3%, respectively. No cases of microdontia, macrodontia, germination, and fusion were observed. Dental anomalies were more incident among women than men (P = 0.010). Furthermore, the detected anomalies had a higher rate in maxilla compared to mandible (P = 0.010). CONCLUSION: As the findings of this study indicated, dilaceration was the most common dental anomaly, followed by missing teeth and impaction, respectively. KEYWORDS: Incidence; Dentition; Anomalies; Panoramic; Radiograph

Evaluation of Sleep Quality and Its Socio-demographic Predictors in Three Trimesters of Pregnancy among Women Referring to Health Centers in Tabriz, Iran: A Cross-sectional Study

This study aimed to determine sleep quality and its socio-demographic predictors regarding three trimesters of pregnancy. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 605 pregnant women referred to health centers in Tabriz, Iran, using a two-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The mean±SD of the total sleep quality scores were estimated at 5.22±2.52, 5.82±3.07, 8.60±3.03, and 6.56±3.24 in the first, second, and third trimester, and during the whole pregnancy, respectively. Moreover, the study results showed that 81 (40.1%), 105 (53.0%), 172 (83.9%), and 358 (59.2%) mothers experienced sleep disorder in the first, second, and third trimester, and during the whole pregnancy, respectively. According to the results of this study, sleep quality predictors may help health providers identify high-risk pregnant women in terms of sleep disorder to provide them with appropriate interventional programs

Fatigue and sleep quality in different trimesters of pregnancy

Objectives: Fatigue is one of the most common and persistent complaints of pregnant women. Increased severity of fatigue during pregnancy can increase the risk of preterm labor, prolonged labor, cesarean section, and postpartum depression. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the fatigue status in different trimesters of pregnancy and its relationship with sleep quality in pregnant women. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed by two-stage cluster sampling on pregnant women referred to Tabriz health centers. Data were collected using socio-demographic questionnaire, multidimensional assessment of fatigue and Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Results: Among the 605 pregnant women studied, 94.2% of women suffered from fatigue during pregnancy. The mean (standard deviation) of fatigue score in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy was 23.53 (8.05), 25.78 (6.56) and 26.46 (6.72), respectively. There was also significant reverse correlation between total fatigue score with total sleep quality score (p=0.031) and with an increase in fatigue, sleep quality was reduced. Discussion: The findings of this study may be used to design interventional measures for fatigue and medical care to improve quality of sleep in pregnancy

HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) versus adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)

ObjectivesHuman T cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection may lead to one or both diseases including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) or adult T cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL). The complete interactions of the virus with host cells in both diseases is yet to be determined. This study aims to construct an interaction network for distinct signaling pathways in these diseases based on finding differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HAM/TSP and ATLL.ResultsWe identified 57 hub genes with higher criteria scores in the primary protein-protein interaction network (PPIN). The ontology-based enrichment analysis revealed following important terms: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in meiotic cell cycle and positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by histone modification. The upregulated genes TNF, PIK3R1, HGF, NFKBIA, CTNNB1, ESR1, SMAD2, PPARG and downregulated genes VEGFA, TLR2, STAT3, TLR4, TP53, CHUK, SERPINE1, CREB1 and BRCA1 were commonly observed in all the three enriched terms in HAM/TSP vs. ATLL. The constructed interaction network was then visualized inside a mirrored map of signaling pathways for ATLL and HAM/TSP, so that the functions of hub genes were specified in both diseases.Peer reviewe

Adolescent transport and unintentional injuries: a systematic analysis using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10–24 years during the past three decades. Methods: Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 Study, we analysed mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to transport and unintentional injuries for adolescents in 204 countries. Burden is reported in absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population by sex, age group (10–14, 15–19, and 20–24 years), and sociodemographic index (SDI) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We report percentage changes in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019. Findings: In 2019, 369 061 deaths (of which 214 337 [58%] were transport related) and 31·1 million DALYs (of which 16·2 million [52%] were transport related) among adolescents aged 10–24 years were caused by transport and unintentional injuries combined. If compared with other causes, transport and unintentional injuries combined accounted for 25% of deaths and 14% of DALYs in 2019, and showed little improvement from 1990 when such injuries accounted for 26% of adolescent deaths and 17% of adolescent DALYs. Throughout adolescence, transport and unintentional injury fatality rates increased by age group. The unintentional injury burden was higher among males than females for all injury types, except for injuries related to fire, heat, and hot substances, or to adverse effects of medical treatment. From 1990 to 2019, global mortality rates declined by 34·4% (from 17·5 to 11·5 per 100 000) for transport injuries, and by 47·7% (from 15·9 to 8·3 per 100 000) for unintentional injuries. However, in low-SDI nations the absolute number of deaths increased (by 80·5% to 42 774 for transport injuries and by 39·4% to 31 961 for unintentional injuries). In the high-SDI quintile in 2010–19, the rate per 100 000 of transport injury DALYs was reduced by 16·7%, from 838 in 2010 to 699 in 2019. This was a substantially slower pace of reduction compared with the 48·5% reduction between 1990 and 2010, from 1626 per 100 000 in 1990 to 838 per 100 000 in 2010. Between 2010 and 2019, the rate of unintentional injury DALYs per 100 000 also remained largely unchanged in high-SDI countries (555 in 2010 vs 554 in 2019; 0·2% reduction). The number and rate of adolescent deaths and DALYs owing to environmental heat and cold exposure increased for the high-SDI quintile during 2010–19. Interpretation: As other causes of mortality are addressed, inadequate progress in reducing transport and unintentional injury mortality as a proportion of adolescent deaths becomes apparent. The relative shift in the burden of injury from high-SDI countries to low and low–middle-SDI countries necessitates focused action, including global donor, government, and industry investment in injury prevention. The persisting burden of DALYs related to transport and unintentional injuries indicates a need to prioritise innovative measures for the primary prevention of adolescent injury. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation