Aspectos Sócio-Econômicos do Desenvolvimento dos Destinos Turísticos Urbanos

The article is devoted to the consideration of socio-economic aspects of the development of urban tourist destinations. A city as a tourist destination is a settlement that possesses a sufficient number of tourist and recreational resources, social infrastructure facilities, at least one type of transport accessibility, positioning itself as a tourist center within the state to which it belongs. Measures for the development of the tourist and recreational sector in tourist cities should provide for a comprehensive solution to the priority problems of the urban development and main tourist zones of cities, further strengthening tourist, excursion, and sanatorium-resort services, expanding the range of recreational and tourist services and creating an appropriate material, technical and personnel base, increasing the volume of income from all type tourist activities in contemporary conditions.El artículo está dedicado a la consideración de los aspectos socioeconómicos del desarrollo de los destinos turísticos urbanos. Una ciudad como destino turístico es un asentamiento que posee un número suficiente de recursos turísticos y recreativos, instalaciones de infraestructura social, al menos un tipo de accesibilidad de transporte, posicionándose como un centro turístico dentro del estado al que pertenece. Las medidas para el desarrollo del sector turístico y recreativo en las ciudades turísticas deben prever una solución integral de los problemas prioritarios del desarrollo urbano y de las principales zonas turísticas de las ciudades, reforzando aún más los servicios turísticos, de excursión y de sanatorio-balneario, ampliando la gama de servicios recreativos y turísticos y creando una base material, técnica y de personal adecuada, aumentando el volumen de ingresos de todo tipo de actividades turísticas en las condiciones contemporáneas.O artigo é dedicado à consideração dos aspectos socioeconômicos do desenvolvimento dos destinos turísticos urbanos. Uma cidade como destino turístico é um povoado que possui um número suficiente de recursos turísticos e recreativos, instalações de infra-estruturas sociais, pelo menos um tipo de acessibilidade de transportes, posicionando-se como centro turístico dentro do estado a que pertence. As medidas para o desenvolvimento do setor turístico e recreativo nas cidades turísticas devem proporcionar uma solução global para os problemas prioritários do desenvolvimento urbano e das principais zonas turísticas das cidades, reforçar ainda mais os serviços turísticos, de excursões e de sanatórios-resorts, expandir a gama de serviços recreativos e turísticos e criar uma base material, técnica e pessoal adequada, aumentando o volume de rendimentos de todo o tipo de atividades turísticas em condições contemporâneas

Editorial : Past interactions between climate, land use, and vegetation

Peer reviewe

CLIMATE SIGNAL IN THE RING WIDTH, DENSITY AND CARBON STABLE ISOTOPES IN PINE (PINUS SILVESTRIS L.) IN CENTRAL CAUCASUS

Variability of width, maximum density and stable isotopes (δ13C) in tree-rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were studied in Northern Caucasus. Statistically sufficient agreements between ring width chronologies allow to construct composite chronology for the Elbrus area. Absence or low correlation between indices of the ring width and maximum density chronology point out different climatic signal. The influence of temperature and precipitation on these tree-ring parameters was also analyzed. The ring width of pine at the upper tree limit in the Baksan valley correlates positively with the June and July precipitation (r=0.3; 0.3; 0.4, p<0.05). No correlation with temperature parameters was found. The maximum density reflects the warm period temperature (April-October). The similarity in interannual variations of δ13C in annual rings between the individual samples means that their display a coherent common signal. This signal can be largely interpreted as the June and July precipitation

Climate Response of Larch and Birch Forests across an Elevational Transect and Hemisphere-Wide Comparisons, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russian Far East

Kamchatka’s forests span across the peninsula’s diverse topography and provide a wide range of physiographic and elevational settings that can be used to investigate how forests are responding to climate change and to anticipate future response. Birch (Betula ermanii Cham.) and larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen) were sampled at eight new sites and together with previous collections were compared with monthly temperature and precipitation records to identify their climate response. Comparisons show that tree-ring widths in both species are primarily influenced by May through August temperatures of the current growth year, and that there is a general increase in temperature sensitivity with altitude. The ring-width data for each species were also combined into regional chronologies. The resulting composite larch chronology shows a strong resemblance to a Northern Hemisphere (NH) tree-ring based temperature reconstruction with the larch series tracking NH temperatures closely through the past 300 years. The composite birch ring-width series more closely reflects the Pacific regional coastal late summer temperatures. These new data improve our understanding of the response of forests to climate and show the low frequency warming noted in other, more continental records from high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Also evident in the ring-width record is that the larch and birch forests continue to track the strong warming of interior Kamchatka

The historical time frame (past 1000 years)

201

Annual Sedimentary Record From Lake Donguz-Orun (Central Caucasus) Constrained by High Resolution SR-XRF Analysis and Its Potential for Climate Reconstructions

Bottom sediments of the proglacial Lake Donguz-Orun situated at ∼2500 m a.s.l. in the Elbrus Region (Central Caucasus) reveal regular laminae, characteristic of proglacial varved lakes. This is the first laminated sediment sequence recorded in the region. However, visual counting of the layers was restricted due to partial indistinctness of the lamination. In order to confirm the annual sedimentary cyclicity and proceed with annually resolved data, in addition to the visual identification we used high-resolution geochemical markers. The upper 160 mm of the sediment core were scanned at 200 μm intervals using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence analysis (SR-XRF). Additional ultrahigh resolution scanning at 30 μm increments was employed for the upper 20 mm of the core. The Rb/Sr and Zr/Rb ratios are interpreted to record annual changes in grain-size. Based on this geochemical assessment, we identified 88 annual layers covering the interval between 1922 and 2010, while visually we have been able to identify between 70 and 100 layers. The correctness of the geochemical results is confirmed by mean accumulation rates assessed by 137Cs and 210Pb dating. Cross-correlation between the ring width of local pine chronology and the layer thickness, identified as a distance between the annual Rb/Sr peaks, allowed for the accurate dating of the uppermost preserved year of the sediment sequence (AD 2010). Annually averaged elemental data were then compared with regional meteorological observations, glacier mass balance and tree-ring chronologies. The comparison revealed notable conformities: content of bromine is positively correlated with annual temperatures (r = 0.41, p < 0.01), content of terrigenous elements (major elements with the origin in watershed rocks) is positively correlated (up to r = 0.44, p < 0.01) with annual precipitation. A high statistically significant negative relationship is observed between the concentrations of terrigenous elements and tree-ring width of local pine chronology (up to r = -0.56, p < 0.01). Taken together, these data point to a common composite climatic signal in the two independent records (lake sediments and tree rings) and confirm that the laminae represent annual layers (i.e., varves). These findings open opportunities for high-resolution multiproxy climate reconstructions 300–350 years long using the longer sediment core and tree-ring records

European warm-season temperature and hydroclimate since 850 CE

The long-term relationship between temperature and rainfall variables (hydroclimate) remains uncertain due to the short length of instrumental measurements and inconsistent results from climate model simulations. This lack of understanding is critical with regard to projecting future drought and flood risks. Here we assess northern Hemisphere summertime co-variability patterns between temperature and rainfall, over Europe back to 850 CE using instrumental measurements, tree-ring reconstructions, and climate model simulations. We find the temperature–hydroclimate relationship, in both the instrumental and proxt data to be more positive at lower frequencies, but less so in model simulations. In comp[arison to instrumental climate data, climate model simulations reveal a more negative co-variability between temperature and hydroclimate, across all timescales both lower and higher frequency. The reconstructions exhibit more positive co-variability. Despite observed differences in the temperature–hydroclimate co-variability patterns in instrumental, reconstructed and model simulated data, all data types share similar phase-relationships between temperature and hydroclimate, all of which indicate the common influence of external forcing of the climate system. The co-variability between temperature and soil moisture in the model simulations is overestimated, implying a possible overestimation of temperature-driven future drought risks

Arctic hydroclimate variability during the last 2000 years: current understanding and research challenges

Reanalysis data show an increasing trend in Arctic precipitation over the 20th century, but changes are not homogenous across seasons or space. The observed hydroclimate changes are expected to continue and possibly accelerate in the coming century, not only affecting pan-Arctic natural ecosystems and human activities, but also lower latitudes through the atmospheric and ocean circulations. However, a lack of spatiotemporal observational data makes reliable quantification of Arctic hydroclimate change difficult, especially in a long-term context. To understand Arctic hydroclimate and its variability prior to the instrumental record, climate proxy records are needed. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current understanding of Arctic hydroclimate during the past 2000 years. First, the paper reviews the main natural archives and proxies used to infer past hydroclimate variations in this remote region and outlines the difficulty of disentangling the moisture from the temperature signal in these records. Second, a comparison of two sets of hydroclimate records covering the Common Era from two data-rich regions, North America and Fennoscandia, reveals inter- and intra-regional differences. Third, building on earlier work, this paper shows the potential for providing a high-resolution hydroclimate reconstruction for the Arctic and a comparison with last-millennium simulations from fully coupled climate models. In general, hydroclimate proxies and simulations indicate that the Medieval Climate Anomaly tends to have been wetter than the Little Ice Age (LIA), but there are large regional differences. However, the regional coverage of the proxy data is inadequate, with distinct data gaps in most of Eurasia and parts of North America, making robust assessments for the whole Arctic impossible at present. To fully assess pan-Arctic hydroclimate variability for the last 2 millennia, additional proxy records are required.</p