Convergent validity of two items to differentiate between active and sedentary students

Este estudio examina la validez y fiabilidad de dos ítems de actividad física (AF) incluidos en el CHIP-CE para discriminar entre escolares activos y sedentarios. Se realizó un estudio observacional-transversal, con 1.073 escolares de ambos sexos, de 10-13 años. Mediante los ítems 13 y 28 del CHIP-CE se clasificó a los escolares como activos o sedentarios. La validez convergente fue examinada utilizando como criterio variables de adiposidad, lipídicas, metabólicas, de presión arterial y de fitness. El coeficiente de correlación de Spearman entre los dos ítems fue de 0,60. Los coeficientes de correlación de Spearman entre la media de los dos items de AF y las variables de salud mostraron valores más altos con el % grasa corporal, la insulina basal, la frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación y el fitness. La escala de dos ítems extraída del CHIP-CE es un instrumento válido para clasificar a los escolares en activos o sedentarios.This study examined the validity and reliability of two physical activity Child Health and Illness Profile - Child Edition (CHIP-CE) items to differentiate between active and sedentary students. An observational cross-sectional study design was used with 1,073 students from 11 to 13 years old, from 20 schools in the province of Cuenca (Spain). Item 13 and item 28 of the CHIP-CE, a generic childhood quality of life instrument, were evaluated. Convergent validity was examined using adiposity, lipidic, metabolic, blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness variables as criteria. The Spearman coefficient of correlation between the two items was 0.60. The Spearman correlation coefficients between the physical activity items and the anthropometric, lipidic, metabolic, blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness variables showed higher values with percentage body fat, fasting insulin, recovery heart rate and cardiorespiratory fitness. Our two-item questionnaire exhibited acceptable validity and high internal consistency for classifying students as either active or sedentary.Este estudio fue financiado por la Consejería de Sanidad de Castilla-La Mancha (beca GC03060-00). Financiación adicional fue obtenida del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Investigación en Actividades Preventivas y de Promoción de Salud (grant RD06/0018/0038)

Intra-Abdominal Pressure as a Marker of Enteral Nutrition Intolerance in Critically Ill Patients. The PIANE Study

To determine whether elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is associated with a higher rate of enteral nutrition-related gastrointestinal (GI) complications; to assess the value of IAP as a predictor of enteral nutrition (EN) intolerance. Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients on mechanical ventilation requiring at least 5 days of EN were recruited for a prospective, observational, non-interventional, multicenter study. EN was performed and GI complications were managed with an established protocol. IAP was determined via a urinary catheter. Patients who developed any GI complications were considered as presenting EN intolerance. Variables related to EN, IAP and GI complications were monitored daily. Statistical analysis compared patients without GI complications (group A) vs. GI complications (group B). 247 patients were recruited from 28 participating ICUs (group A: 119, group B: 128). No differences between groups were recorded. Patients in group B (p < 0.001) spent more days on EN (8.1 ± 8.4 vs. 18.1 ± 13.7), on mechanical ventilation (8.0 ± 7.7 vs. 19.3 ± 14.9) and in the ICU (12.3 ± 11.4 vs. 24.8 ± 17.5). IAP prior to the GI complication was (14.3 ± 3.1 vs. 15.8 ± 4.8) (p < 0.003). The best IAP value identified for EN intolerance was 14 mmHg but it had low sensitivity and specificity. Although a higher IAP was associated with EN intolerance, IAP alone did not emerge as a good predictor of EN intolerance in critically ill patients

The relationship between physical activity, physical fitness and fatness in 3–6 years old boys and girls: a cross-sectional study

Background: Physical activity (PA), fatness and fitness in children and teenagers have been associated with short and long-term health benefits. However, little research analyzing these variables focuses on the preschool education stage. Thus, the objective of this research is to study the relationship between PA, fatness and fitness in 3–6 years old boys and girls. Methods: This cross-sectional study includes 150 boys and girls at age between 3 and 6 years. Fatness and fitness were assessed using a PREFIT (FITness testing in PREschool children) battery as well as the sit and reach test. PA levels were measured using accelerometers for 7 days. Results: Higher PA levels were related to better fitness values. In addition, differences were found in the PA levels between boys and girls. However, PA subcomponents were not related to fatness. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in fitness tests between underweight, normal-weight and over-weight children, except in handgrip strength. Conclusions: The few studies that have analyzed the relationship between fatness, fitness and PA in preschool have revealed controversial results. However, our study is in accordance with the majority of studies which prove that PA is associated with better fitness performances in preschool children. Since fitness is an important indicator of health, schools and parents should encourage children to practice more daily PA, especially girls, who are less active than boys. However, the discrepancy about the relationship between PA and fatness between the results of the different research highlights the necessity of carrying out further studies that analyze the relationship between these 3 variables separately in each age group (3, 4, 5 and 6 years). This is due to the fact that associations were stronger in older children rather than in younger childre

Stones resting on the top soil cause heterogeneous patterns of fire-induced water repellency

Depending on soil and fire characteristics, soil water repellency (SWR) may be induced, enhanced or destroyed by burning. The spatial pattern of SWR may be extremely heterogeneous as a consequence of the temperature peaks, the variation of fire temperature, the distribution of fuel, or the amount and type of ashes. In this research, we have studied the effect of stone cover and position on the intensity and spatial distribution of fire-induced SWR after low-, moderate- and high-severity fire. Generally, SWR increased with fire severity, but stones did induce some differences and increased the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of fire-induced SWR. In low-stone-cover areas, SWR from soil surfaces below stones increased respect to non-covered soil surfaces. In areas under high stone cover, SWR increased from non-covered soil surfaces to soil surfaces below stones after low-severity fire. In moderate- and high-severity burnt soils under high stone cover, SWR was more severe than in non-covered soil surface, but no significant differences were observed.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad CGL2010-21670-C02-0

Self-reported and measured cardiorespiratory fitness similarly predict cardiovascular disease risk in young adults

We aimed to (a) examine the validity and reliability of the International FItness Scale (IFIS) in Spanish young adults and (b) compare the capacity of self-reported vs measured fitness to predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The study comprised 276 participants (18–30 years). Fitness level (overall and specific components) was both self-reported (IFIS) and measured using standard fitness tests. Total and trunk fat was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We computed a previously validated metabolic syndrome score. A separate sample of 181 of same age and characteristics fulfilled IFIS twice for reliability purposes. The results of the present study support the validity and reliability of self-reported fitness, as measured by IFIS, in Spanish young adults. Our data also suggest that not only measured cardiorespiratory fitness but also self-reported cardiorespiratory fitness predicts CVD risk, as assessed by adiposity and metabolic syndrome indicators. The associations for muscular fitness (both reported and measured) differed depending on how it was expressed (i.e., absolute vs relative terms). Self-reported fitness, as assessed by IFIS, can be a good alternative when physical fitness cannot be measured in large surveys.Nuestro objetivo fue (a) examinar la validez y confiabilidad de la Escala Internacional de Fitness (IFIS) en adultos jóvenes españoles y (b) comparar la capacidad del fitness autoinformado frente al medido para predecir el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). El estudio comprendió a 276 participantes (18-30 años). El nivel de condición física (componentes generales y específicos) fue autoinformado (IFIS) y medido mediante pruebas de condición física estándar. La grasa total y del tronco se evaluó mediante absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual. Calculamos una puntuación de síndrome metabólico previamente validada. Una muestra separada de 181 de la misma edad y características cumplió IFIS dos veces para propósitos de confiabilidad. Los resultados del presente estudio respaldan la validez y la fiabilidad del estado físico autoinformado, medido por IFIS, en adultos jóvenes españoles. Nuestros datos también sugieren que no solo la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria medida sino también la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria autoinformada predicen el riesgo de ECV, según lo evaluado por los indicadores de adiposidad y síndrome metabólico. Las asociaciones para la condición física muscular (tanto informadas como medidas) diferían dependiendo de cómo se expresara (es decir, términos absolutos versus relativos). El estado físico autoinformado, según lo evaluado por IFIS, puede ser una buena alternativa cuando el estado físico no se puede medir en encuestas grandes

The funerary phenomenon in the Cantabrian Iron Age. A new ritual space in the necropolis of Monte Bernorio (excavations from 2007 and 2008)

La necrópolis del oppidum de Monte Bernorio fue uno de los primeros cementerios de la Edad del Hierro excavados en España. No obstante, la atención a los excepcionales materiales metálicos descubiertos en ella, unido a la escasez de restos relacionados con los rituales, ha impedido conocer hasta este momento qué tipo de ceremonias funerarias se desarrollaron en ella. En este trabajo se presentan los diversos estudios y análisis realizados sobre las evidencias recuperadas en las excavaciones de las campañas de 2007 y 2008, así como los resultados obtenidos y las interpretaciones que de estos hemos realizado. El resultado es la identificación de un tipo de ritual que invisibiliza los restos y que implica un uso diferente de los espacios funerarios.The necropolis of the oppidum of Monte Bernorio was one of the first Iron Age cemeteries excavated in Spain. However, the focus of previous studies on the exceptional metal objects discovered, plus the scarcity of human remains, prevented us from establishing the type of funerary ceremonies that took place at the site. This work presents the interpretation of the outcome of the different studies and analyses made on the material evidence recovered during the excavations carried out in 2007 and 2008. As a result, a funerary ritual that obscures the presence of human remains and implies an different use of funerary spaces has been identified

Nanoesferas porosas de SiO2 dopadas con Zr y su uso en procesos catalíticos one-pot para la obtención de productos de alto valor añadido desde furfural

En el presente trabajo, se ha estudiado la modificación de nanoesferas porosas de SiO2 con diferente proporción de Zr para obtener catalizadores con relaciones molares Si/Zr entre 2.5 y 30. Estos materiales se han caracterizado mediante difracción de rayos X, microscopía electrónica de transmisión, microscopía electrónica de barrido, adsorción-desorción de N2 a -196 ºC, espectroscopía de fotoelectrones de rayos X y desorción termoprogramada de piridina y 2-6-dimetilpiridina. La caracterización de estos catalizadores revela que la incorporación de una alta proporción de Zr favorece la formación de sitios ácidos de Lewis, implicados en los procesos de hidrogenación por transferencia catalítica, mientras que la baja acidez de Brönsted promueve la reacción de deshidratación, de tal manera que es posible obtener una amplia gama de productos a partir del FUR mediante reacciones consecutivas, como el alcohol furfurílico (FOL), isopropil furfuril éter (IpFE), levulinato de isopropilo (IpL) y γ-valerolactona (GVL) en un rango de temperatura de 110-170 ºC, después de 1-6 h de reacción. Los ensayos catalíticos muestran que el aumento de la acidez mejora la conversión del FUR, obteniéndose tanto isopropil furfuril éter como levulinato de isopropilo en mayor proporción, a la menor temperatura de reacción (110ºC). Sin embargo, se obtiene un mayor rendimiento de FOL y GVL cuando la temperatura es de 170ºC. Cabe destacar que la proporción de productos no detectados aumenta cuando disminuye la relación molar Si/Zr en los catalizadores y se aumenta la temperatura, debido a la polimerización del propio FUR y FOL en presencia de sitios ácidos.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (RTI2018-94918-B-C44) Fondos FEDER (Unión Europea) (UMA18-FEDERJA-171

patrimonio intelectual

Actas de congresoLas VI Jornadas se realizaron con la exposición de ponencias que se incluyeron en cuatro ejes temáticos, que se desarrollaron de modo sucesivo para facilitar la asistencia, el intercambio y el debate, distribuidos en tres jornadas. Los ejes temáticos abordados fueron: 1. La enseñanza como proyecto de investigación. Recursos de enseñanza-aprendizaje como mejoras de la calidad educativa. 2. La experimentación como proyecto de investigación. Del ensayo a la aplicabilidad territorial, urbana, arquitectónica y de diseño industrial. 3. Tiempo y espacio como proyecto de investigación. Sentido, destino y usos del patrimonio construido y simbólico. 4. Idea constructiva, formulación y ejecución como proyecto de investigación. Búsqueda y elaboración de resultados que conforman los proyectos de la arquitectura y el diseño

Short-term effects of experimental fire for a soil under eucalyptus forest (SE Australia)

The effects of different fire intensities on physiochemical soil properties have been studied in this research. The experiment was conducted in a eucalyptus forested area near the Namadgi National Park (ACT, Australia), and four fire intensities were achieved by adding different amounts of fuel load: 0kgm-2 (control), 2kgm-2 (low fire intensity), 4kgm-2 (moderate fire intensity) and 8kgm-2 (high fire intensity). Soil surface peak temperatures reached at each plot were 14, 142, 317 and 525°C, respectively. Immediate changes in soil properties under different fuel loads were studied and monitored monthly during a 7-month period.Average pH increased significantly with fuel load immediately after fire and decreased progressively to initial values. Changes in soil pH from burnt plots seem to be caused mainly by an ephemeral ash layer, and the recovery time has been relatively short. The complete oxidation of soil organic matter and the release of substantial amounts of cations after high fire intensity also contributed to increased pH. Only small variations in soil texture have been observed in this study even after high intensity fire, although the clay content decreased slightly during the experiment. This can be due to relatively low pre-burn clay content, but also to spatial variability of texture. In this case, post-fire erosion processes might have contributed to decreased clay content and are probably more important than other processes associated to temperature. Aggregate stability indices showed good correlation coefficients with the organic matter content. The role of organic matter as cementing agent of soil aggregates is extremely important after fire, since aggregate stability indices showed good correlation coefficients with the organic matter content. Low intensity fire enhanced soil water repellency. In this case, fire-enhanced soil water repellency persisted or increased progressively, but decreased below initial levels at the end of the experiment, but soil water repellency was completely destroyed after moderate or high fuel load treatments. The persistence of wettable conditions after destruction of soil water repellency can be considered as an index of fire severity, since it is a direct consequence of strong reduction of organic matter content.Peer Reviewe