Tinjauan Yuridis Tentang Pertanggungjawaban pada Kantor Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) dalam Menangani Kebocoran Pipa Air (Studi Kasus di PDAM Blora)

Accountability is intended to fix all conditions due to the failure of the activities of the company. This study aims to determine the relationship between the central service office service office areas related to leakage of water pipe PDAM Blora, to determine obstacles in the implementation of accountability associated with pipeline leaks water taps, and to determine the leakage prevention efforts in addressing water pipe taps. The research method used juridical empirical method with type research inventory of positive law and legal research to find In-Concreto as to determine the suitability of concrete events studied with the existing norms. The results showed that the company's problems that often happens is the water pipe leakage both technical and non-technical. To make the process of accountability can be done by holding a working agreement between the company and labor outsourcing to achieve a goal. Keywords: Accountability, PDAM Blora, Water leak

Structure identification of potential compound as selective renal anticancer isolated from Nerium indicum Mill. Leaves

Oleandrin is one of cardenolida compound isolated from an active fraction of Nerium indicum Mill leaves. (fam. Apocynaceae), which have cytotoxic effect on several human cancer cells, and also to normal cells in vitro. Another compound which was potential as renal anticancer has also been isolated from N. indicum. However, its chemical structure has not been discovered. The aim of this study was to identify the potential compound as selective to renal cancer present in the leaves of N. indicum.The potential compound was isolated from the active fraction using Preparative TLC and structure elucidation was done by using spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, MS and NMR).Base on this spectra and by comparison with oleandrin data, it was indicated that the potential compound as Renal anticancer was as 16,17-dehydrodeacetyl-5a-oleandrin.Key word: N.indicum, oleandrin, cytotoxic, renal anticancer, spectroscopi

Cytotoxicity of oleandrin isolated from the leaves of Nerium indicum Mill. on several human cancer cell lines

Finding anticancer drugs from natural resources still proceeds. Oleandrin isolated from Nerium indicum Mill. inhibited the growth of mieloma cell line in vitro better than that of vincristine sulphate. This study was aimed to determine the cytotoxic effect of oleandrin on various human cancer cell lines. Cytotoxic test of oleandrin on seven human cancer cell lines was done by SRB-method. The analysis was conducted by comparing the ID50 of oleandrin with that of doxorubicin and cisplatin as positive controls. This result indicated that oleandrin possessed the best cytotoxic effect on breast cancer (MCF7) with ID50 at 8.85 nM. Keywords : Oleandrin, cytotoxicity, human cancer cells, ID5

Assay method validation of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) to support the investigation of TA-loaded nanoparticles

Theaim of this study was to develop the valid analytical method which used for the assay of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in the investigation of TA loaded nanoparticle formulations. High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) method was applied in  his study by using an Econosil column,C1810 m, 250x 4.6mm (Alltech Associates Inc, PA,USA )as the stationary phase. Themobile phase consisted of a composition of acetonitrile (ACN) and 20mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 4.2) in the proportion of 50:50 v/v. The HPLCassay of TA was validated for selectivity, linearity, precision, ecovery (accuracy),sensitivity and stability of TA during the assay. Results showed that the concentration of TA in the sample scan be determined against the standard in the concentration range of calibration curve. The system precision and level of recovery were considered to be acceptable, and the method was selective and sensitive.Key words:triamcinoloneacetonide,assay,validatio

Fauna of euglossina (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from southwestern Amazonia, Acre, Brazil

Male orchid bees were collected between December 2005 and September 2006 in 11 forest areas of different sizes in the region of Rio Branco, Acre, Southwestern Amazonia, Brazil. The bees were attracted by 6 aromatic compounds and collected by insect nets and scent baited traps. A total of 3,675 males of Euglossina in 4 genera and 36 species were collected. Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius) was the most common (24.6%), followed by Eulaema meriana (Olivier) (14.6%), Euglossa amazonica Dressler (10.5%), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier (10.5%) and Eulaema pseudocingulata (Oliveira) (7.2%). Cineole was the scent that attracted the greatest number of individuals (23.8%) and methyl salicylate the greatest number of species (28) for both methods of sampling. Thirty one bees of 9 species with pollinar orchid attached to their bodies were collected. The accumulative number of species stabilized after the 48th collection. Few species were abundant; the great majority were represented by less than 50 bees. The lack of standardized sample protocols limited very much the conclusions derived from comparisons among the majority of studies on Euglossina assemblages. However, the results presented here suggest that the State of Acre is very rich in those bees compared to other regions.Machos de abelhas Euglossina foram coletados entre dezembro de 2005 e setembro de 2006 em 11 áreas florestais de diferentes tamanhos na região de Rio Branco, Acre, Amazônia Sul-Ocidental. As abelhas foram atraídas por 6 substâncias odoríferas e coletadas com rede entomológica e armadilhas. Um total de 3.675 machos de Euglossina pertencentes a 4 gêneros e 36 espécies foi coletado. Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius) foi a espécie mais comum (24,6%), seguida por Eulaema meriana (Olivier) (14,6%), Euglossa amazonica Dressler (10,5%), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier (10,5%) e Eulaema pseudocingulata (Oliveira) (7,2%). Cineol foi a substância que atraiu maior número de indivíduos (23,8%) e metil salicilato o maior número de espécies (28) para ambos os métodos de coleta. Foram coletados 31 indivíduos pertencentes a 9 espécies portando polinários. O número acumulado de espécies coletadas na região estabilizou a partir da 48ª coleta. Poucas espécies foram abundantes, a maioria representada por menos que 50 indivíduos. A falta de um protocolo amostral padronizado tem limitado comparações entre trabalhos realizados em diferentes regiões. Contudo, os resultados aqui apresentados indicam que o Acre apresenta elevada riqueza dessas abelhas

Fine-Scale Mapping of the 4q24 Locus Identifies Two Independent Loci Associated with Breast Cancer Risk

Background: A recent association study identified a common variant (rs9790517) at 4q24 to be associated with breast cancer risk. Independent association signals and potential functional variants in this locus have not been explored. Methods: We conducted a fine-mapping analysis in 55,540 breast cancer cases and 51,168 controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Results: Conditional analyses identified two independent association signals among women of European ancestry, represented by rs9790517 [conditional P = 2.51 × 10−4; OR, 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02–1.07] and rs77928427 (P = 1.86 × 10−4; OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02–1.07). Functional annotation using data from the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project revealed two putative functional variants, rs62331150 and rs73838678 in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs9790517 (r2 ≥ 0.90) residing in the active promoter or enhancer, respectively, of the nearest gene, TET2. Both variants are located in DNase I hypersensitivity and transcription factor–binding sites. Using data from both The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC), we showed that rs62331150 was associated with level of expression of TET2 in breast normal and tumor tissue. Conclusion: Our study identified two independent association signals at 4q24 in relation to breast cancer risk and suggested that observed association in this locus may be mediated through the regulation of TET2. Impact: Fine-mapping study with large sample size warranted for identification of independent loci for breast cancer risk

Mapping and characterization of structural variation in 17,795 human genomes

A key goal of whole-genome sequencing for studies of human genetics is to interrogate all forms of variation, including single-nucleotide variants, small insertion or deletion (indel) variants and structural variants. However, tools and resources for the study of structural variants have lagged behind those for smaller variants. Here we used a scalable pipeline1 to map and characterize structural variants in 17,795 deeply sequenced human genomes. We publicly release site-frequency data to create the largest, to our knowledge, whole-genome-sequencing-based structural variant resource so far. On average, individuals carry 2.9 rare structural variants that alter coding regions; these variants affect the dosage or structure of 4.2 genes and account for 4.0–11.2% of rare high-impact coding alleles. Using a computational model, we estimate that structural variants account for 17.2% of rare alleles genome-wide, with predicted deleterious effects that are equivalent to loss-of-function coding alleles; approximately 90% of such structural variants are noncoding deletions (mean 19.1 per genome). We report 158,991 ultra-rare structural variants and show that 2% of individuals carry ultra-rare megabase-scale structural variants, nearly half of which are balanced or complex rearrangements. Finally, we infer the dosage sensitivity of genes and noncoding elements, and reveal trends that relate to element class and conservation. This work will help to guide the analysis and interpretation of structural variants in the era of whole-genome sequencing