Die Mehrsprachigkeit als Herausforderung und Chance bei der Auslegung des Unionsrechts. Praktische Anmerkungen aus der Perspektive des Kabinetts einer Generalanwältin. Vortrag vom 16. Mai 2014 im Rahmen einer Veranstaltung des Vereins zur Förderung der Europäischen Rechtslinguistik e.V. an der Universität zu Köln

Dieser Beitrag zielt darauf ab, die vielfältigen Herausforderungen und Chancen hervorzuheben, die sich aus der multilingualen Natur des Unionsrechts ergeben. Obwohl diese Natur im Prinzip die Berücksichtigung aller Sprachfassungen bei der Auslegung des Unionsrechts verlangt, wäre eine solche Vorgehensweise in der Praxis sehr schwierig. Gleichwohl sollte diese Methode eingesetzt werden, um im Zweifel das volle Auslegungspotential einer Bestimmung präzise auszuloten. Allerdings muss dieses Potential anschließend wieder mit Hilfe der klassischen Auslegungsmethoden konkretisiert werden. Während die Beschäftigung mit den verschiedenen Sprachfassungen der Wortlautauslegung zuzuordnen ist, können die historische, systematische und teleologische Auslegung dabei helfen, herauszufinden, welche Sprachfassungen dem Willen des Gesetzgebers entsprechen, in den rechtlichen Zusammenhang passen und die Ziele der fraglichen Bestimmung verwirklichen. Für die Zukunft sollten wir Instrumente entwickeln, die den Sprachvergleich und die Entdeckung von Divergenzen erleichtern. [Der Verfasser ist Mitarbeiter im Kabinett der Generalanwältin Juliane Kokott am Gerichtshof der Europäischen Union, doch der Beitrag enthält lediglich seine persönliche Auffassung. Er beruht auf einem Vortrag vor dem Verein zur Förderung der Europäischen Rechtslinguistik in Köln, am 16. Mai 2014.

Measuring the Impact of the E-Mail Conversation Format on E-Mail Overload: A Pilot Test

It is well known that e-mails are causing information overload. Existing research investigated the amount of e-mails but does not consider the format of a single e-mail and its cognitive impact. Therefore, we investigate e-mail conversations as one of the most promising formats, which is composed of the quoted history of appended e-mails, forwarded to a third person. Cognitive load theory is used to scrutinize the contribution of the e-mail conversation format on intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. The resulting hypotheses and our pilot of the experiment investigate the induction of e-mail overload by e-mail conversations. By successfully validating our measurement instruments we gain first indications of construct validity. As a result we present an exploratory factor analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis, and an assessment of the model fit. Subsequently, we reflect on our findings and present the implications for future research

Why Forwarded Email Threads are Hard to Read: The Email Format as an Antecedent of Email Overload

Research has shown that excessive email use leads to feelings of being overwhelmed and stressed. Existing coping solutions, which mitigate email overload, address the number of emails and, in consequence, the time spent on emails. These approaches are congruent with existing research on antecedents of email overload. Further coping solutions include addressing email threads. However, we lack a theoretical grounding for perceiving email threads as an antecedent of email overload. I suggest cognitive load theory as a means of investigating the format of forwarded email threads in an experiment. I found support for the effects on reading time and performance in terms of correct answers per second, findings that confirm that forwarded email threads are an antecedent of email overload and that we need a new conceptualization of email overload

Block copolymer nanostructures via self-assembly for biomedical applications

Functional block copolymer nanostructures of defined morphologies were designed and the influence of their structural characteristics, such as shape and stability on the biomedical properties was investigated. Amphiphilic block copolymers were synthesized via sequential RAFT polymerization or polymer-polymer coupling of different polymers and subsequently self-assembled into nanostructures. Furthermore, simultaneous block copolymerization and self-assembly were performed using polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) technique. Control over the morphology formation was gained through careful tuning of the formulation conditions. Therefore, systematic correlations between the conditions and the evolution of higher-ordered morphologies based on kinetic effects were revealed. The opportunity to stabilize and selectively destabilize the particles via core-crosslinking and core-oxidation was introduced and their potential to prevent a premature immune response or induce a selective release of encapsulated cargo was demonstrated. In addition, it could be shown that the particle shape represents a crucial factor for the selective uptake of nanostructures in inflamed intestinal tissue. This thesis emphasizes the huge potential of kinetically controlled block copolymer self-assembly for the preparation of tailor-made nanomaterials, which may serve as next-generation therapeutics, as well as reveal general relationships between the particle structure and their biomedical properties

Effective critical behaviour of diluted Heisenberg-like magnets

In agreement with the Harris criterion, asymptotic critical exponents of three-dimensional (3d) Heisenberg-like magnets are not influenced by weak quenched dilution of non-magnetic component. However, often in the experimental studies of corresponding systems concentration- and temperature-dependent exponents are found with values differing from those of the 3d Heisenberg model. In our study, we use the field--theoretical renormalization group approach to explain this observation and to calculate the effective critical exponents of weakly diluted quenched Heisenberg-like magnet. Being non-universal, these exponents change with distance to the critical point $T_c$ as observed experimentally. In the asymptotic limit (at $T_c$) they equal to the critical exponents of the pure 3d Heisenberg magnet as predicted by the Harris criterion.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure

Towards the Detection of Split Attention in E-Mail Threads as an Antecedent of E-Mail Overload

It is well known in practice and research that e-mails evoke information overload. Existing contributions of e-mail overload often investigate the volume of e-mails but not the e-mail channel itself. In order to cope with the phenomenon, it is also necessary to know how much each component of a single e-mail contributes to the overall phenomenon. We look at one of the most promising components: the format of e-mail threads as a history of appended e-mail conversations. We propose cognitive load theory to explain how much e-mail threads contribute to the phenomenon of e-mail overload. We aim towards the detection of a split attention effect as a suboptimal presentation format, which engages a human brain in searching rather than in understanding. The experimental results support our hypothesis by showing that reading time of e-mail threads in comparison to conventional e-mails is longer and the amount of correct answers per second is lower

Mathematical learning deficits originate in early childhood from atypical development of a frontoparietal brain network

Mathematical learning deficits are defined as a neurodevelopmental disorder (dyscalculia) in the International Classification of Diseases. It is not known, however, how such deficits emerge in the course of early brain development. Here, we conducted functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments in 3- to 6-year-old children without formal mathematical learning experience. We followed this sample until the age of 7 to 9 years, identified individuals who developed deficits, and matched them to a typically developing control group using comprehensive behavioral assessments. Multivariate pattern classification distinguished future cases from controls with up to 87% accuracy based on the regional functional activity of the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC), the network-level functional activity of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and the effective functional and structural connectivity of these regions. Our results indicate that mathematical learning deficits originate from atypical development of a frontoparietal network that is already detectable in early childhood

Recent Excavations and Discoveries

Recent Excavations and Discoverie

A Cognitive Learning Perspective on Encoding and Decoding E-mails

The high e-mail amounts that individuals sent back and forth each day are one of the major causes for information overload. Knowledge seems to help overcoming information overload. However, it is not clear which knowledge areas are helpful. Therefore, we examine knowledge areas supporting the encoding and decoding of e-mails by investigating cognitive processes that allow knowledge building to avoid e-mail induced information overload. A novel theoretical perspective is developed which draws on knowledge as acquired schemas which allows bypassing working memory through automation. We employed a case study design which results in a conceptual model relating three knowledge areas: (1) channel knowledge, (2) message topic knowledge, and (3) communication partner knowledge. By drawing on cognitive load theory, we explain how these knowledge areas allow the reduction of e-mail induced cognitive load as a conceptualization of information overload

The development of the albino rat, Mus norvegicus albinus. I. From the pronuclear stage to the stage of mesoderm anlage; end of the first to the end of the ninth day

No Abstract.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50236/1/1050260205_ftp.pd