Atomization and Mixing Study

The primary objective was the obtainment of atomization and mixing performance data for a variety of typical liquid oxygen/hydrocarbon injector element designs. Such data are required to establish injector design criteria and to provide critical inputs to liquid rocket engine combustor performance and stability analysis, and computational codes and methods. Deficiencies and problems with the atomization test equipment were identified, and action initiated to resolve them. Test results of the gas/liquid mixing tests indicated that an assessment of test methods was required. A series of 71 liquid/liquid tests were performed

HIV Denial in the Internet Era

The Internet has served as a fertile and un-refereed medium to spread HIV denialist beliefs, argue the authors

The Trial of the Messiah

This article reflects on the trial of Jesus

The Trial of the Messiah

This article reflects on the trial of Jesus

DaF International:aktuelle Tendenzen weltweit und Herausforderungen für die deutschsprachigen Länder

Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt die aktuelle internationale DaF-Situation. Dabei steht dem quantitativen Rückgang der deutschen Sprache eine verstärkte Nachfrage nach ihrer praxisorientierten und berufsbezogenen Sprachvermittlung gegenüber. Diese Umorientierung von einer kulturvermittelnden Auslandsgermanistik zu einem praxisorientierten DaF-Unterricht ist erforderlich, wenn das Deutsche seine Position als zweite oder dritte Fremdsprache behaupten will. Dafür bedarf es der ökonomischen Perspektive, denn wie attraktiv eine Sprache für Lerner ist, hängt in der globalisierten Welt von der wirtschaftlichen Leistungsfähigkeit ihrer Sprechergemeinschaft ab. Spracherwerb bedeutet heute nicht mehr primär Kulturtransfer, sondern verstärkt Know-How-Transfer. Die langfristigen Chancen der deutschen Sprache als Fremdsprache hängen heute sehr stark von der Marktposition Deutschlands in der Spitzentechnologie ab

Heteroduplex analysis of the RNA of clone 3 Moloney murine sarcoma virus

Heteroduplex analysis of the RNA isolated from purified virions of clone 3 Moloney murine sarcoma virus (M-MSV) hybridized to cDNA's from Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV) and clone 124 M-MSV shows that the main physical component of clone 3 RNA is missing all or most of the 1.5-kilobase (kb) clone 124 M-MSV specific sequence denoted beta s (S. Hu et al. Cell 10:469-477, 1977). This sequence is either deleted in clone 3 RNA or substituted by a very short (0.3-kilobase) sequence. In other respects, clone 3 and clone 124 RNAs show the same heteroduplex structure relative to M-MLV. Since beta s is believed to contain the src gene(s) of clone 124 RNA, this result leaves as an unresolved question the nature of the src gene(s) of the clone 3 M-MSV RNA complex

Inherent variability of cancer-specific aneuploidy generates metastases.

BACKGROUND: The genetic basis of metastasis is still unclear because metastases carry individual karyotypes and phenotypes, rather than consistent mutations, and are rare compared to conventional mutation. There is however correlative evidence that metastasis depends on cancer-specific aneuploidy, and that metastases are karyotypically related to parental cancers. Accordingly we propose that metastasis is a speciation event. This theory holds that cancer-specific aneuploidy varies the clonal karyotypes of cancers automatically by unbalancing thousands of genes, and that rare variants form new autonomous subspecies with metastatic or other non-parental phenotypes like drug-resistance - similar to conventional subspeciation. RESULTS: To test this theory, we analyzed the karyotypic and morphological relationships between seven cancers and corresponding metastases. We found (1) that the cellular phenotypes of metastases were closely related to those of parental cancers, (2) that metastases shared 29 to 96% of their clonal karyotypic elements or aneusomies with the clonal karyotypes of parental cancers and (3) that, unexpectedly, the karyotypic complexity of metastases was very similar to that of the parental cancer. This suggests that metastases derive cancer-specific autonomy by conserving the overall complexity of the parental karyotype. We deduced from these results that cancers cause metastases by karyotypic variations and selection for rare metastatic subspecies. Further we asked whether metastases with multiple metastasis-specific aneusomies are assembled in one or multiple, sequential steps. Since (1) no stable karyotypic intermediates of metastases were observed in cancers here and previously by others, and (2) the karyotypic complexities of cancers are conserved in metastases, we concluded that metastases are generated from cancers in one step - like subspecies in conventional speciation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the risk of cancers to metastasize is proportional to the degree of cancer-specific aneuploidy, because aneuploidy catalyzes the generation of subspecies, including metastases, at aneuploidy-dependent rates. Since speciation by random chromosomal rearrangements and selection is unpredictable, the theory that metastases are karyotypic subspecies of cancers also explains Foulds\u27 rules, which hold that the origins of metastases are abrupt and that their phenotypes are unpredictable