Sputtering of Metals by Mass-Analyzed N2(+) and N(+)

Low-energy sputtering studies were conducted with the help of a specially designed ion accelerator. A high-intensity rf ion source was developed for use in conjunction with electrostatic acceleration and magnetic mass separation of ion beams in the 0 to 8 kev energy range. Beams of N(+) or N2(+) ions have been produced with intensities of 200 to 500 micro-a (approx. 1 sq cm in cross section) and energy half-widths of about 20 ev. The sputtering yields of five metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, Mo, and W) were obtained as a function of energy (0-8 kev), bombarding ion (N(+) and N2(+)), and angle of incidence (normal and 450). Results are presented and some of their theoretical implications are discussed

Epilepsy: Beyond The Brain

This work addresses the diagnoses, treatment, and study of epilepsy critically. The purpose is to propose that the focus on the brain in the biomedical approach to epilepsy is insufficient for treating the epileptic, and for understanding his or her lived experience. To mitigate this problem, biomedical physicians should look beyond pharmaceuticals and biological pathways to find a more encompassing approach to healing as suggested by the lens of medical anthropology. This approach could lead to novel treatments and a more holistic understanding of the body. Which in turn could help mitigate the suffering of the estimated 70 million people with epilepsy 30% - 40% of whom are resistant to drug therapy

A Longitudinal Study of Injuries to Athletes with Disabilities

This study investigated the number and type of injuries that occurred to athletes with disabilities from 1990 - 1996. The subjects were U.S. athletes who participated in the 1990 World Games and Championships, 1991 U.S. Paralympic Trials, 1992 Paralympic Games, the 1994 World Athletics Championship, and the 1996 Paralympic Games. A reportable injury was defined as an injury/illness that was evaluated by the U.S. Medical Staff during these competitions. Illnesses (29.8 %) were the most commonly reported problem followed by muscular strains (22.1 %). The most commonly injured body locations were the thorax/spine at 13.3 %, the shoulder complex at 12.8 %, the lower leg/ankle and toes at 12.0 %. The majority of these injuries were musculoskeletal to include strains at 22.1 %, sprains at 5.8 %, contusion at 5.6 %, and abrasions at 5.1 %. An area of concern was the high number of strains to the thorax and spine when compared to other body locations and injury types. Attention should be paid to the musculature of the thorax/spine, shoulder and hip/thigh to help reduce the number of the injuries in this region