PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN 37 HUMAN RENAL HOMOTRANSPLANTS TREATED WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS

Pathological changes in thirty‐seven human renal homotransplants are described. All the patients had been treated with Imuran, prednisone and actinomycin C; ten had also received local X‐irradiation to the transplant. Fifteen of the transplants were from patients in a rejection phase. Most of these kidneys were enlarged because of interstitial oedema and several were speckled with petechial hemorrhages. There was fibrinoid necrosis of afferent arterioles and interlobular arteries in twelve of the transplants, and the peritubular capillaries were disrupted in ten. Swelling of the arteriolar endothelial cells, fibrino‐platelet and fibrous intimal thickening of interlobular arteries were also common. In most of the transplants there was a light infiltration with small lymphocytes, plasma cells and a few larger pyroninophilic cells. Similar changes were present in the pelvis and ureter. Twelve of the transplants came from patients whose last rejection episode had been clinically reversed 14 to 117 days previously. AH these kidneys were enlarged because of compensatory hypertrophy. Seven showed some intimal thickening of the interlobular arteries and in three there was fibrinoid necrosis of arteriolar walls. Tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and a light cellular infiltration were also common changes. Only one kidney appeared normal. Three transplants came from patients who had not experienced clinical evidence of a rejection episode. One showed acute tubular necrosis due to prolonged ischemia at the time of transplantation; one was almost normal; the third showed vascular lesions suggestive of old unrecognised rejection. Seven transplants had either not functioned or developed some complication necessitating their early removal. One of these was infarcted due to obstruction of the venous drainage; two showed massive acute tubular necrosis due to ischaemia; two, which were incompatible with their hosts on the basis of ABO blood groups, failed to excrete urine and showed distension of the arterioles and glomerular capillaries with erythrocytes; one bled uncontrollably from the pelvis; one came from a patient who died at twelve hours from hyperkalemia and hyponatremia during a massive post‐operative diuresis. This work was aided by grants A‐6283, A‐6344, HE‐07735, AM‐07772, AI‐01452, and OG‐27 from the U.S. Public Health Service, and by a grant from the Medical Research Council. The necropsies on cases described in this paper were either performed or supervised by Drs Coral Cotterall, Doris Courington, Carol Ewing, R. B. Hill, J. Jamroz, D. W. King, D. M. Lang, Martha La Via, Elizabeth Macintyre, N. McGrath, J. C. Maisel, C. G. Massion, D. R. Meekin, H. B. Neustein, S. Ryan, and D. E. Smith. We would like to thank all these pathologists for making this study possible. We are particularly grateful to Dr D. T. Rowlands, who supervised some of the necropsies, for his helpful co‐operation throughout this study. Expert assistance in preparing the sections and photomicrographs was given by Miss Jane Rendall. © 1965 BJU International Compan

ISBS 2018 AUCKLAND CONFERENCE NGĀ WAI O HOROTIU MARAE PROGRAMME

Student evening supported by AMTI and Thursday tour. AUT Ngā Wai o Horotiu Marae located on the corner of Wellesley and St Paul\u27s Street Marae (Māori meeting grounds) and hangi (food) and cultural experience provided by AUT kapa haka Tītahi ki Tua. Please come appropriately dressed to the Marae. Men should at least wear dress pants and a tidy shirt, while women should wear either a knee length skirt or tidy dress pants. You will remove your shoes upon entering the Marae. Manuhiri will congregate at the waharoa (gateway) of the marae and wait for the karanga (call of welcome) from the kaikaranga (the host caller). The Kaikōrero Dr Valance Smith will welcome the manuhiri (ISBS2018 student visitors) to Ngā Wai o Horotiu (marae), and will address the assembled company and explain the protocol and proceedings. The manuhiri are then invited to have a kai (meal – hangi of food cooked in the ground) to complete the formal welcome and begin the lifting of tapu (cultural sanctions). The visitors now become tangata whenua or part of the marae and are expected to participate in the other activities that occur on the marae. The Kaikōrero will introduce the AUT kapahaka group Tītahi ki Tua (Māori students association) who will perform the haka to the assembled company. You will have the opportunity to learn the haka so you can participate in performance of the haka at the closing ceremony of the conference

The Global Significance Of Locus Of Control In Ethical Decision Making: A Multi-Country Examination Of University Students

Locus of control (LOC) is a personality variable shown to possess potential explanatory power in the study of ethical decision making. There have been, however, diverse results reported in the literature. Whenever differences on this variable are indicated by the research, individuals with an Internal LOC report the more ethical responses. This study extends the examination of the global relevance of the LOC variable to ethical decision making of university students in thirteen universities from eight countries. Using an instrument designed to elicit responses to questionable academic behaviors, this research analyzes ethical responses of university students (n=2,420) to look for differences based on the LOC variable. The behaviors examined are of a collaborative or collectivistic nature, and the students were asked to respond to how unethical they believe the academic behaviors to be. Results indicate considerable support for the global significance of LOC differences in the ethical responses of the students

The Global Significance Of Locus Of Control In Ethical Decision Making: A Multi-Country Examination Of University Students

Locus of control (LOC) is a personality variable shown to possess potential explanatory power in the study of ethical decision making. There have been, however, diverse results reported in the literature. Whenever differences on this variable are indicated by the research, individuals with an Internal LOC report the more ethical responses. This study extends the examination of the global relevance of the LOC variable to ethical decision making of university students in thirteen universities from eight countries. Using an instrument designed to elicit responses to questionable academic behaviors, this research analyzes ethical responses of university students (n=2,420) to look for differences based on the LOC variable.  The behaviors examined are of a collaborative or collectivistic nature, and the students were asked to respond to how unethical they believe the academic behaviors to be.  Results indicate considerable support for the global significance of LOC differences in the ethical responses of the students

Flying-Fox Species Density-A Spatial Risk Factor for Hendra Virus Infection in Horses in Eastern Australia

Hendra virus causes sporadic but typically fatal infection in horses and humans in eastern Australia. Fruit-bats of the genus Pteropus (commonly known as flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus, and the putative source of infection in horses; infected horses are the source of human infection. Effective treatment is lacking in both horses and humans, and notwithstanding the recent availability of a vaccine for horses, exposure risk mitigation remains an important infection control strategy. This study sought to inform risk mitigation by identifying spatial and environmental risk factors for equine infection using multiple analytical approaches to investigate the relationship between plausible variables and reported Hendra virus infection in horses. Spatial autocorrelation (Global Moran’s I) showed significant clustering of equine cases at a distance of 40 km, a distance consistent with the foraging ‘footprint’ of a flying-fox roost, suggesting the latter as a biologically plausible basis for the clustering. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis identified multiple equine infection hot spots along the eastern Australia coast from far north Queensland to central New South Wales, with the largest extending for nearly 300 km from southern Queensland to northern New South Wales. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) showed the density of P. alecto and P. conspicillatus to have the strongest positive correlation with equine case locations, suggesting these species are more likely a source of infection of Hendra virus for horses than P. poliocephalus or P. scapulatus. The density of horses, climate variables and vegetation variables were not found to be a significant risk factors, but the residuals from the GWR suggest that additional unidentified risk factors exist at the property level. Further investigations and comparisons between case and control properties are needed to identify these local risk factors

Flying-Fox Species Density-A Spatial Risk Factor for Hendra Virus Infection in Horses in Eastern Australia

Hendra virus causes sporadic but typically fatal infection in horses and humans in eastern Australia. Fruit-bats of the genus Pteropus (commonly known as flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus, and the putative source of infection in horses; infected horses are the source of human infection. Effective treatment is lacking in both horses and humans, and notwithstanding the recent availability of a vaccine for horses, exposure risk mitigation remains an important infection control strategy. This study sought to inform risk mitigation by identifying spatial and environmental risk factors for equine infection using multiple analytical approaches to investigate the relationship between plausible variables and reported Hendra virus infection in horses. Spatial autocorrelation (Global Moran’s I) showed significant clustering of equine cases at a distance of 40 km, a distance consistent with the foraging ‘footprint’ of a flying-fox roost, suggesting the latter as a biologically plausible basis for the clustering. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis identified multiple equine infection hot spots along the eastern Australia coast from far north Queensland to central New South Wales, with the largest extending for nearly 300 km from southern Queensland to northern New South Wales. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) showed the density of P. alecto and P. conspicillatus to have the strongest positive correlation with equine case locations, suggesting these species are more likely a source of infection of Hendra virus for horses than P. poliocephalus or P. scapulatus. The density of horses, climate variables and vegetation variables were not found to be a significant risk factors, but the residuals from the GWR suggest that additional unidentified risk factors exist at the property level. Further investigations and comparisons between case and control properties are needed to identify these local risk factors

Ανάπτυξη υβριδικών (ανόργανων / οργανικών) ημιαγωγών πολλαπλών στρωμάτων με βάση το CdSe. Μελέτη της δομής και της φωτοηλεκτροχημικής συμπεριφοράς τους

Pteropid bats (flying-foxes) are the natural reservoir of Hendra virus, an emergent paramyxovirus responsible for fatal infection in horses and humans in Australia. Pteropus alecto (the Black flying-fox) and the paraphyletic P. conspicillatus (the Spectacled flying-fox) appear to be the primary reservoir hosts. Previous studies have suggested that physiological and ecological factors may underpin infection dynamics in flying-foxes, and subsequent spillover to horses and in turn humans. We sought to examine temporal trends in urinary cortisol concentration in wild Australian flying-fox populations, to elucidate the putative relationship between Hendra virus infection and physiological stress. Pooled and individual urine samples were non-invasively collected from under roosting flying-foxes at two latitudi-nally disparate regions in the eastern Australian state of Queensland. Hendra virus detection, and (in individual urine samples) sex and species determination were PCR-based. Urinary cortisol measurement used a validated enzyme immunoassay. We found no direct correlation between increased urinary cortisol and Hendra virus excretion, but our findings do suggest a biologically plausible association between low winter temperatures and elevated cortisol levels in P. alecto in the lower latitude Southeast Queensland roosts. We hypothesize an indirect association between low winter temperatures and increased Hendra virus infection and excretion, mediated by the physiological cost of thermoregulation. Our findings and our approach are directly relevant to elaboration of the disease ecology of Nipah virus and other emerging henipaviruses in bats. More broadly, they inform investigation of emerging disease infection dynamics across the wildlife/livestock/human interface

Symbiodinium thermophilum sp. nov., a thermotolerant symbiotic alga prevalent in corals of the world's hottest sea, the Persian/Arabian Gulf

Coral reefs are in rapid decline on a global scale due to human activities and a changing climate. Shallow water reefs depend on the obligatory symbiosis between the habitat forming coral host and its algal symbiont from the genus Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae). This association is highly sensitive to thermal perturbations and temperatures as little as 1°C above the average summer maxima can cause the breakdown of this symbiosis, termed coral bleaching. Predicting the capacity of corals to survive the expected increase in seawater temperatures depends strongly on our understanding of the thermal tolerance of the symbiotic algae. Here we use molecular phylogenetic analysis of four genetic markers to describe Symbiodinium thermophilum, sp. nov. from the Persian/Arabian Gulf, a thermally tolerant coral symbiont. Phylogenetic inference using the non-coding region of the chloroplast psbA gene resolves S. thermophilum as a monophyletic lineage with large genetic distances from any other ITS2 C3 type found outside the Gulf. Through the characterisation of Symbiodinium associations of 6 species (5 genera) of Gulf corals, we demonstrate that S. thermophilum is the prevalent symbiont all year round in the world's hottest sea, the southern Persian/Arabian Gulf