Leon Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution and its incorporation into Lenin's party platform in 1917

The idea of permanent revolution was first formulated by Leon Trotsky in 1905. It was based upon an interpretation of Russian history which he found incompatible with Marx's arbitrary historical stages feudalism, capitalism, socialism. Trotsky maintained that in Russia these distinct phases would be combined into a continuous revolutionary process culminating in socialism. Consequently Russian socialists would not have to wait until capitalism had been established before beginning the struggle for socialism. Vladimir Lenin incorporated the basic premises of this theory Into the Bolshevik party platform in 1917, and after the October revolution they were used to justify the immediate establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat. The purpose of this paper is to trace the evolution of the theory of permanent revolution from its conception in 1905 to its incorporation into Lenin's philosophy in 1917. In the process I shall indicate the practical revolutionary experiences which in 1905 made Trotsky's ideas valid and which in 1917 made them necessary

Assessing Ecological and Economic Effects of Derelict Fishing Gear: a Guiding Framework

Developing standardized protocols to assess the ecological and socio-economic effects of marine debris – especially, derelict fishing gear – is critical for the protection of natural resources and for evaluating policies and programs designed to reduce and remove debris. This document outlines a Derelict Fishing Gear Assessment Framework to guide the development and implementation of derelict gear assessment, management and mitigation. The framework draws from techniques and protocols developed to assess derelict crab traps effects in the Chesapeake Bay and on past derelict gear assessments either conducted by or known to the framework authors. However, this framework is generalized and intended to be used by any stakeholder with a need to assess the status of derelict fishing gear and its economic and ecological effects on living resources, habitats, ecosystems, and local economies. It provides a generalized pathway and processes for assessing the effects of derelict fishing gear, and is flexible and scalable so that users of the framework can make informed decisions when data are limited, and can tailor it to satisfy their specific assessment goals and objectives if a full scale assessment is not required. The framework recommends best practices for each of five key elements

Ecological and Economic Effects of Derelict Fishing Gear in the Chesapeake Bay 2015/2016 Final Assessment Report

Derelict fishing gear represents a major challenge to marine resource management: whether through deliberate abandonment or through accidental loss, derelict traps in particular have significant negative effects both economic (e.g., reduced fishery harvest from ghost fishing and gear competition that leads to the reduced efficiency of active gear) and ecological (e.g., degraded habitats and marine food webs and crab and bycatch mortality). Throughout the Chesapeake Bay, commercial harvest of hard-shelled blue crabs is a major fishing activity: every year sees the deployment of several hundred thousand blue crab traps (known locally as crab “pots”) across the Bay, of which an estimated 12-20% are lost each year. This report focuses on these derelict crab pots, drawing on many direct or remote observations and other data to quantify their abundance and spatial distribution across the Chesapeake Bay, and their resulting ecological and economic effects

Understanding coastal morphodynamic patterns from depth-averaged sediment concentration

This review highlights the important role of the depth-averaged sediment concentration (DASC) to understand the formation of a number of coastal morphodynamic features that have an alongshore rhythmic pattern: beach cusps, surf zone transverse and crescentic bars, and shoreface-connected sand ridges. We present a formulation and methodology, based on the knowledge of the DASC (which equals the sediment load divided by the water depth), that has been successfully used to understand the characteristics of these features. These sand bodies, relevant for coastal engineering and other disciplines, are located in different parts of the coastal zone and are characterized by different spatial and temporal scales, but the same technique can be used to understand them. Since the sand bodies occur in the presence of depth-averaged currents, the sediment transport approximately equals a sediment load times the current. Moreover, it is assumed that waves essentially mobilize the sediment, and the current increases this mobilization and advects the sediment. In such conditions, knowing the spatial distribution of the DASC and the depth-averaged currents induced by the forcing (waves, wind, and pressure gradients) over the patterns allows inferring the convergence/divergence of sediment transport. Deposition (erosion) occurs where the current flows from areas of high to low (low to high) values of DASC. The formulation and methodology are especially useful to understand the positive feedback mechanisms between flow and morphology leading to the formation of those morphological features, but the physical mechanisms for their migration, their finite-amplitude behavior and their decay can also be explored

Maryland Crop Insurance Workshop - FSA Program Update

This presentation was presented as a part of the 2014 Delaware and Maryland Crop Insurance Workshop. Presentation provides overview of FSA's new programs and decisions producers will need to make

Documenting the Experience of Parents of Children with Lyme Disease

Title: Documenting the Experiences of Parents of Children with Lyme disease Background: Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Children are at greater risk due to their high-risk activities playing outside in tick-infested areas and not having adequate knowledge about ticks. Mainstream doctors\u27 lack of knowledge and support often leads to parents feeling frustrated and discouraged. To date, few research studies have explored the experiences of parents of children with Lyme disease. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with 26 questions was distributed by email and social media in Fall 2022. Participants had to be over 18, be a parent of a child diagnosed with Lyme disease, and not be in Europe or the United Kingdom to participate. Descriptive and thematic analysis was used to analyze the results. Results: Twenty-one parents, 18 from the United States and three from Canada, participated. The age of diagnosis ranged from two to 19 years old. The official diagnosis took up to 30 doctors and 16 years. Most were extremely dissatisfied with the support they received from health professionals. Nearly all had to miss work because their child(ren) was too sick to go to school (90.5%), and half reported a very negative impact on their family (52.4%). Over half participants reported feeling anxious, fearful, worried, distressed, hopeless, and helpless in the last 7 days. Themes identified related to the strain on the whole family, children losing out on their childhood, mental/emotional strain, and recommendations for parents, providers, and schools. Conclusions: Parents of children with chronic Lyme struggle with the emotional turmoil that the disease has on their child(ren) and family dynamics. More resources and support are needed for parents to navigate this disease. Healthcare providers and schools must be educated to support this population better

The value of applying commercial fishers' experience to designed surveys for identifying characteristics of essential fish habitat for adult summer flounder

Identifying the habitat requirements of marine fish is necessary to conserve and manage their populations, but these requirements are poorly understood for many species. One method of screening for important habitat characteristics is to identify differences in habitat features between areas of high and low fish abundance. We tested the association between abundance of adult summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus and benthic habitat features at two study areas in the Middle Atlantic Bight in summer 2004. The study included trawl and remote-sensing surveys that were designed and conducted with the assistance of commercial fishers. Within each area, a local commercial fisher designated specific locations a priori as productive or unproductive for fishing. Summer flounder abundance, as measured by mean catch per area swept, was significantly greater at sites designated as productive than at sites designated as unproductive (6.5 times greater in Maryland and 4.7 times greater in Rhode Island). These results indicate that summer flounder were attracted consistently to localized habitats that must have had different characteristics than other nearby locations. Habitat variables associated with the substrate (e.g., particle size, bottom shape, and presence of sessile organisms) were measured along trawl paths using underwater video imagery. The measured variables did not explain abundance well, suggesting that microscale characteristics of the substrate did not affect summer flounder distribution. Summer flounder were most abundant at depths of 10-20 m; however, both high and low catch rates occurred in this depth range, indicating that other factors also were important. These results suggest that additional localized variables merit further investigation to determine their importance to summer flounder. This study demonstrates the importance of combining fishers' knowledge and experience with planned surveys to identify essential habitat features for fish