Electrical Conductivity of Conducting Polymer Composites based on Conducting Polymer/Natural Cellulose

Merging each of the best properties of components into a composite design or hybrid architecture opens up opportunities to develop electroconductive materials as conducting polymer composite. This work deals with studying the electrical conductivity of conducting polymer composites made of cellulose extracted from two biomass: empty fruit bunch from oil palm and peat soil. Two kinds of conducting polymers have been used to fabricate the composites, i.e. polyaniline and polypyrrole, which are polymerized from their monomers, aniline and pyrrole. The novelty of this research is the using of biomass as the source of cellulose to produced conducting polymer composites by adding conducting polymer as filler into polymer matrix. We report experimental studies about the influence of monomer addition on the electrical conductivity of composites produced. The conductivity of the material was measured by using the Electrochemical Impedance System method. The experiments were carried out as a four-set experiment, using two different cellulose sources, EFB and peat soil, combined with aniline and pyrrole. The mass ratio variations of the monomer: cellulose are 1, 2, 3, and 4. The conductivities of the composites increased when more aniline or pyrrole was blended with the extracted cellulose from each source, either EFB or peat soil. The conductivity of composite PANI/EFB, which is 3.5 ´10-3 - 1.1´10-2 S/cm, is in the semiconductor range that makes the composites useful for many applications

Adsorpsi Logam Cd Menggunakan α-Selulosa dari Kulit Buah Nanas

Pineapple fruit is widely consumed that impact on the waste produced. One of which is pineapple peel has a high cellulose content of around 69.5-71%. In this research, the synthesis of α-cellulose from pineapple peel was tings in order produce an adsorbent for Cd2+ metal ions. The prepared pineapple peel powder was delignified using 2% NaOH to remove lignin, were delignified again using 18% NaOH. The α-cellulose formed was bleached using 3.5% NaOCl. α-cellulose was hydrolyzed using H2SO4 with various concentrations of 2, 3 and 4%. The goal is to determine the optimum absorption of the adsorbent. Based on this research, it was found that the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at 4% H2SO4 variation  which is 108 mg/g and an efficiency of 54%. The adsorption isotherm model on cellulose meets the assumptions of chemical, and physical adsorption as shown by the R2 value of 0.999. Chemical adsorption (Langmuir isotherm) is indicated by the reaction of the OH group with the metal ion Cd2+. Physical adsorption (Freundlich isotherm) that occurs at heterogeneous adsorption sites supported by changes in surface area (BET) values

Technical and economic feasibility of gradual concentric chambers reactor for sewage treatment in developing countries

A major challenge in developing countries concerning domestic wastewaters is to decrease their treatment costs. In the present study, a new cost-effective reactor called gradual concentric chambers (GCC) was designed and evaluated at lab-scale. The effluent quality of the GCC reactor was compared with that of an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor. Both reactors showed organic matter removal efficiencies of 90%; however, the elimination of nitrogen was higher in the GCC reactor. The amount of biogas recovered in the GCC and the UASB systems was 50% and 75% of the theoretical amount expected, respectively, and both reactors showed a slightly higher methane production when the feed was supplemented with an additive based on vitamins and minerals. Overall, the economical analysis, the simplicity of design and the performance results revealed that the GCC technology can be of particular interest for sewage treatment in developing countries

Microcellulose from Betel Husk Fiber as Filler in Bioplastic

Betel nut husk fiber has a reasonably high cellulose content. Meanwhile, bioplastics nowadays are mostly made of Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA), with one of its limitations being tensile strength and other properties regarding mechanical. Thus, this study aims to isolate microcellulose from areca nut fiber and use the fiber as a filler in bioplastic, where cellulose is combined with PVA. The intention is to understand the effect of adding microcellulose from betel nut fibers on the properties, including the biodegradability of PVA-based bioplastic films. This research has three steps: isolating cellulose from betel nut peel fibers by delignification, pulping, and bleaching. The next step is hydrolysis to obtain microcellulose. The last is the preparation of bioplastic films using the solution casting method, with five different ratios of microcellulose content in the bioplastic. The cellulose characterization from FTIR spectra shows the absorption of several peaks, such as O-H, C-H, and C-O functional groups. The mechanical testing results on the variation of bioplastic show that the bioplastic with the best characteristics was PL5, which has the highest microcellulose content, 8 MPa and 10.2% for tensile strength and elongation, respectively. The biodegradation test for bioplastic variation (PL5) was 82% within eight weeks, while in Indonesian National Standard (SNI) number 7188.7:2016, it is 100% within 60 days

Comparative Study of Electricity Generation Fueled by Gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Biogas from Municipal Solid Waste

This paper presents a comparative study in terms of power quality and fuel consumption in electricity generation using three kinds of fuel: gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and biogas from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste. The electrical parameters measured and compared are voltage, current, frequency, active power, apparent power, reactive power, power factor, displacement power factor, current harmonics, voltage harmonics, transient, sags and swell. From the experiment, resistive loads (100 W bulb and 2 x 100 W bulbs) and resistive-inductive load (125 W water pump) were used as loads of generator set. It can be seen that in general, the power quality among those three fuels shows almost the similar performance. The problem on using combustible gases, either LPG or biogas, significantly appears at the frequency with greatly difference to the standard (i.e. 50 Hz).DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v3i6.394

Migration from Gasoline to Gaseous Fuel for Small-scale Electricity Generation Systems

This paper describes a study that gives a consideration to change fuel source for electriccity generator from gasoline to combustible gas. A gaseous fuel conversion technology is presented and its performance is compared with gasoline. In the experiment, two types of load were tested, resistive and resistive-inductive. By using both fuels mostly the power factor (Cos φ) of resistive-inductive load variations were greater than 0.8, and they had slight difference on operational voltage. The drawback of using gaseous fuel is the frequency of the electricity might be not reach the standard frequency (i.e. 50 Hz). In the lab scale experiment, the gasoline consumption increased proportionally with the load increase, while using gaseous fuel the consumption of gas equal also increased where the average consumption value is 100 gram per 15 minutes operation for the tested load in the experiment. The main advantage using gaseous fuel (liquefied petroleum gas or biogas) compared to gasoline is a cleaner emitted gas after combustion

KARBON AKTIF DARI LIMBAH CANGKANG SAWIT SEBAGAI ADSORBEN GAS DALAM BIOGAS HASIL FERMENTASI ANAEROBIK SAMPAH ORGANIK

Karbon aktif yang berasal dari limbah cangkang sawit dapat digunakan untuk penyerapan gas CO2 dan pemurnian biogas. Karbon aktif yang berasal dari cangkang sawit berukuran mikropori agar dapat menyerap gas dengan baik. Hasil karakterisasi menggunakan Gas Sorption Analyzer (GSA) menunjukkan nilai volume total pori, luas permukaan dan rerata jejari pori. Hasil analisis karbon aktivasi kimia memiliki volume pori 0,1304 cc/g, luas permukaaan 208,091 m2/g dan rerata jejari pori 12,531 dan hasil analisis karbon aktif komersial memiliki luas permukaan 666,534 m2/g dengan volume total pori 0,3571 cc/g dan rerata jari pori 10,713 ?. Pada pengukuran gas, karbon aktif cangkang sawit aktivasi kimia memiliki daya serap CO2 sebesar 6,1% dan kadar CH4 yang terukur sebesar 65,5% sedangkan pada karbon aktif komersial daya serap CO2 sebesar 12,97% dan kadar CH4 yang terukur sebesar 70,5%. Perbedaan pengukuran gas CH4 dengan menggunakan adsorben karbon aktif komersial dan karbon aktif cangkang sawit tidak terlalu jauh berbeda. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dengan GSA dan pengukuran gas, maka dapat disimpulkan karbon aktif yang berasal dari cangkang sawit memiliki potensi sebagai adsorben gas dilihat dari meningkatnya kadar CH4 sebelum menggunakan adsorben dan setelah menggunakan adsorben