16,920 research outputs found
Does Aid Cause Trade? Evidence from an Asymmetric Gravity Model
Anderson and vanWincoop (2003) developed what has become the standard framework for framing and interpreting empirical work using the gravity model. Its main advantage is that it recognizes and tackles the issue of endogeneity of prices. Hoverer, two shortcomings of their framework are that 1) it relies heavily on an assumption of symmetry among countries; and 2) it requires nonlinear estimations. For issues related to North-South trade, the assumption of symmetry is problematic. In this paper we develop an asymmetric extension of the Anderson-vanWincoop framework appropriate to the analysis of North-South trade. To avoid nonlinear estimations, we also use an appropriately extended version of Baier and Bergstrandâs (2006) method of estimating a linear approximation to the modelâthus permitting estimation using (âgood oldâ) OLS and easily compute comparative statics. As an illustration of its use, we examine the empirical link between foreign aid and trade. The results are striking. The coefficients are positive and significant, matching a long list of empirical results in the aid and trade literature. However, the comparative statics shows that aid affects prices so as to reduce the volume of trade of non-donor Northern exporters. Since most Northern countries are non-donors, the total volume of exports from the North actually decreases.Foreign aid, trade, gravity
Sports Tourism in Rural Communities: Small Events, Big Impacts
While the literature supports sports tourism as an effective economic development strategy, small to medium-sized rural communities often do not have the resources to promote mega sports events. This paper presents estimates of the 44th Annual Racer Roundup College Rodeoâs economic impact. In addition to providing a case study of a relatively minor event, the aimed contribution is twofold: it offers solutions to typical challenges faced when estimating smaller-scale eventsâ economic impacts, and it suggests a simple way to obtain benchmark values for the magnitude of the results. Evidence suggests that the total output generated, given the cost to set up the rodeo, was considerably larger than if the same amount was invested in other traditional rural sectors. The primary catalyst for this result was the touristsâ expenses, in line with the regional economic development export base theory
Baba Is You: Doing Things With Words
Baba is you is a 2D electronic game in which the player-controlled character pushes word-blocks around in order to build sentences, which make up the rules governing the simulated environment. With Baba is you as the case in point, we bring up parallels between video games and Wolfgang Iserâs reader-response theory, J.L. Austinâs pragmatics, and Gregory Batesonâs levels of learning. By considering self-reference paradoxes, metalanguage, and the map-territory distinction, Baba is you becomes an intuitive philosophic playground by enticing players to question not only language and its uses, but some conceptions about games â and life, as well
PolĂticas de Formação Continuada e Desenvolvimento Profissional Docente: uma estratĂ©gia de governamentalidade neoliberal empresarial
O artigo problematiza a ideia de desenvolvimento profissional docente - DPD, na perspectiva de uma racionalidade neoliberal. Procura-se demonstrar como as iniciativas no campo das polĂticas pĂșblicas impulsionam açÔes na direção de uma governamentalidade empresarial (DARDOT; LAVAL, 2016). Para tanto, analisa-se um documento produzido pela UNDIME, pelo CONSED, pela Fundação Carlos Chagas, pela ProfissĂŁo Docente em parceria com o MinistĂ©rio da Educação, o qual tem como propĂłsito orientar municĂpios e Estados, na direção de estabelecer matrizes de desenvolvimento profissional para professores e professoras da Educação BĂĄsica, a partir da Base Nacional Comum para a Formação Continuada de Professores da Educação BĂĄsica. O artefato em anĂĄlise se caracteriza por uma concepção de desenvolvimento profissional docente centrada em prĂĄticas de regulação e de autorregulação necessĂĄrias Ă construção do sujeito neoliberal ou do neossujeito. Neste sentido, o estudo identifica a prĂĄtica de mentoria para a gestĂŁo da formação continuada e do DPD, com o estabelecimento de protocolos de ação para o trabalho docente
Regional Inequalities in Brazil: Divergent Readings on Their Origin and Public Policy Design
Cet article porte sur la divergence des lectures sur l'origine des inĂ©galitĂ©s rĂ©gionales au BrĂ©sil, sous l'interprĂ©tation de quatre intellectuels: Celso Furtado, Wilson Cano, Francisco de Oliveira et Ruy Moreira. En outre, l'article traite de l'essence des principales politiques crĂ©Ă©es par le gouvernement fĂ©dĂ©ral brĂ©silien depuis le milieu du XXe siĂšcle afin d'intervenir sur le plan politique, Ă©conomique et social dans les dynamiques socio-spatiales au cĆur des questions rĂ©gionales. Dans ce cas, nous mettons en Ă©vidence les PĂŽles de dĂ©veloppement, les Axes nationaux d'intĂ©gration et de dĂ©veloppement et la Politique nationale pour le dĂ©veloppement rĂ©gional. Les lectures et propositions d'intervention dans les questions rĂ©gionales portent des idĂ©ologies et des projets politiques sous-jacents qui sont plus ou moins cohĂ©rents avec les objectifs des acteurs hĂ©gĂ©moniques au pouvoir ou qui sont appropriĂ©s par ceux-ci. Par consĂ©quent, il est essentiel d'Ă©lucider l'essence et les implications de ces lectures et propositions d'action concernant la problĂ©matique rĂ©gionale afin de comprendre le rĂŽle des inĂ©galitĂ©s rĂ©gionales dans le panorama du dĂ©veloppement socio-Ă©conomique au BrĂ©sil.This article presents divergent readings on the origin of regional inequalities in Brazil by four scholars: Celso Furtado, Wilson Cano, Francisco de Oliveira, and Ruy Moreira. Moreover, it discusses the essence of major policies established by the Brazilian Federal Government since the mid-20th century in order to politically, economically, and socially impact the sociospatial dynamics that are at the core of the regional issue. In this sense, Development Poles, National Integration and Development Axes, and the National Policy for Regional Development stand out. Each reading and intervention proposal for the regional problematic has its own set of underlying ideologies and political projects, which may have a higher or lower degree of adherence to the purposes of hegemonic players in power, or that are appropriated by them. Therefore, elucidating the essence and the consequences of those divergent readings and proposed actions regarding the regional problematic is vital in order to understand the role of regional inequalities in Brazil's socioeconomic development landscape
Experimental Demonstration of Dual Polarization Nonlinear Frequency Division Multiplexed Optical Transmission System
Multi-eigenvalues transmission with information encoded simultaneously in
both orthogonal polarizations is experimentally demonstrated. Performance below
the HD-FEC limit is demonstrated for 8-bits/symbol 1-GBd signals after
transmission up to 207 km of SSMF
Dual polarization nonlinear Fourier transform-based optical communication system
New services and applications are causing an exponential increase in internet
traffic. In a few years, current fiber optic communication system
infrastructure will not be able to meet this demand because fiber nonlinearity
dramatically limits the information transmission rate. Eigenvalue communication
could potentially overcome these limitations. It relies on a mathematical
technique called "nonlinear Fourier transform (NFT)" to exploit the "hidden"
linearity of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation as the master model for
signal propagation in an optical fiber. We present here the theoretical tools
describing the NFT for the Manakov system and report on experimental
transmission results for dual polarization in fiber optic eigenvalue
communications. A transmission of up to 373.5 km with bit error rate less than
the hard-decision forward error correction threshold has been achieved. Our
results demonstrate that dual-polarization NFT can work in practice and enable
an increased spectral efficiency in NFT-based communication systems, which are
currently based on single polarization channels
Area Specific Bicycle Planning
A recent challenge for the majority of Brazilian cities is to cope with the growth of car mobility and to maintain and improve the use and quality of public transport and active transport like cycling. One of the challenges is combining public transport with active transport, as a feeder mode, to provide an intermodal door-to-door alternative for the private car. However, these cities do not have experience with this kind of planning and their urban planners and technicians lack the know-how to start the process. To overcome this lack of experience, I-CE (Interface for Cycling Expertise) a Dutch NGO developed a methodology, called Area Specific Participative Planning (ASPP), for planning non-motorized transport modes and its articulation with public transport. The main focus of this work is to gather technical and area-specific knowledge of both I-CE consultants and the people living and working in cities in order to develop a bicycle network and an intervention plan, using a step by step approach. After the workshops and technical visits, the participating planners, which include bicycle users and other stakeholders, become the main supporters of the plans and incorporate the lessons in their work routine. The use of the methodology is in progress since 2006 in Resende and since 2007 in Rio de Janeiro, both cities in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The main innovation of the methodology is that it capacitates and involves the target city's technicians and civil society, in making decisions based on local habits, instead of only presenting foreign plans and standards without local participation.Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Faculty of Economics and Business. The University of Sydne
ProvisĂŁo habitacional e a (des) construção do direito Ă cidade: um olhar sobre a ação civil pĂșblica como instrumento de avaliação do PMCMV
Through the observation of the distortions of the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program
(PMCMV) present in the edification of projects in several Brazilian cities, this work
seeks to answer the following questions: federal housing policies implemented in
the country after the 1940s, moved toward the realization of the right to the city or
just acted to promote empowerment of the private sector? The PMCMV, current
housing provision model follows the principles and directives that lead to realization
of this right? As the Ação Civil PĂșblica (Law 7.347/1985) can contribute to building
a more just and democratic housing policies, since it is an instrument for defending
the collective interests of a society? To answer the questions, we carried out a
literature review on the concept of the right to housing and the right to the city, as
well as the models adopted by the housing policies implemented by the federal
government since 1940. It presents and critical to structure adopted by PMCMV for
the provision of social housing and, therefore, uses the Ação Civil PĂșblica as an
evaluation instrument of the PMCMV and defense of the right to the city in a
moment of intense housing construction supported by the system financial. It was
selected and analyzed some ACPs presented by the MPF because of the serious
mistakes made in the aforementioned program. We also present some MPF
recommendations to the government restores the right to decent housing to
hyposufficient. Thus, given the absence of civil society in the formulation,
implementation and decision-making in PMCMV, we highlight the importance of the
MPF as a new actor political and ACP as a relevant rights protection instrument to
the city to beneficiaries of social housing programs produced by the state. The final
considerations are intended to show that the housing provision when formulated
without the participation of civil society, even in democratic contexts, intensifies the
struggle for urban land, leading to policy legalization process, ie, the direct
intervention of the judiciary in acts of the Executive.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de NĂvel Superior (CAPES)Com a constatação das distorçÔes do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) presente na edificação dos empreendimentos em diversas cidades brasileiras, este trabalho de investigação procura responder as seguintes questĂ”es: as polĂticas federais de habitação implementadas no Brasil, apĂłs a dĂ©cada de 1940, se moveram em direção Ă efetivação do direito Ă cidade ou apenas atuaram no sentido de promover um empoderamento do setor privado? O PMCMV, atual modelo de provisĂŁo habitacional, segue os princĂpios e diretrizes que conduzem a concretização desse direito? Como a Ação Civil PĂșblica (Lei 7.347/1985) pode contribuir para a construção de polĂticas habitacionais mais justas e democrĂĄticas, jĂĄ que se constitui num instrumento de defesa dos interesses coletivos de uma sociedade? A fim de responder tais questĂ”es, faz-se uma revisĂŁo de literatura acerca do conceito de direito Ă moradia e Ă cidade, bem como dos modelos adotados pelas polĂticas habitacionais implementadas pelo governo federal a partir de 1940. Apresenta-se e crĂtica-se a estrutura adotada pelo PMCMV para a construção de moradias populares e, para tanto, utiliza a Ação Civil PĂșblica como um instrumento de avaliação do PMCMV e de defesa do direito Ă cidade num momento de intensa provisĂŁo habitacional apoiada pelo sistema financeiro. Foi selecionada e analisada, dentre outras, a ACP nÂș 0012584-70.2011.403.6119, que tramita na 1ÂȘ Vara Federal de Guarulhos (SP). A referida ACP foi proposta pelo MPF em desfavor da UniĂŁo Federal e da Caixa EconĂŽmica Federal enfatizando mudanças nos critĂ©rios de seleção dos candidatos do referido programa, tendo em vista a comercialização de vagas e a cobrança indevida de taxas de inscrição das organizaçÔes nĂŁo governamentais responsĂĄveis pela sua execução. Neste sentido, a ACP surge como um relevante instrumento de defesa do direito Ă cidade aos beneficiĂĄrios do PMCMV. As consideraçÔes finais tĂȘm por objetivo assinalar elementos de carĂĄter pedagĂłgico, educativo, preventivo, relacional e de esclarecimento sobre a relevĂąncia da construção de uma polĂtica habitacional que conduza a verdadeira justiça urbana, ainda que por meio da sua judicialização, ou seja, da intervenção direta do Poder JudiciĂĄrio nos atos do Poder Executivo
De morador de rua a criminoso
Nesse artigo problematizamos os discursos que operam na objetivação e subjetivação de moradores de rua como criminosos, a partir da anĂĄlise de textos de jornais e outros documentos pĂșblicos produzidos por ocasiĂŁo dos 108 assassinatos de moradores de rua de uma capital do nordeste brasileiro entre 2010 e fevereiro de 2014. Abordamos a noção de identidade biogrĂĄfica relacionada Ă produção de uma subjetividade criminosa dos moradores de rua, com base nas teorizaçÔes de Michel Foucault. Em seguida, tomamos as contribuiçÔes de Giorgio Agamben sobre a vida nua, demarcando a relação de abandono da vida nua com a polĂtica nas sociedades modernas. Por fim, abordamos os efeitos de verdade que estes discursos produzem nas prĂĄticas sociais cotidianas.In this article we problematize the discourses that act on the objectivation and subjectivation of homeless people as criminals, through the analysis of texts from newspapers and other public documents produced on the occasion of the 108 murders of homeless people in a capital city from Brazilian northeast, between 2010 and February 2014. Based on Michel Foucault's theory, we discuss the notion of biographical identity related to the production of a criminal subjectivity of the homeless. Then we take the contributions of Giorgio Agamben on bare life, demarking the relation of abandonment of the bare life with politics in modern societies. Finally, we discuss the effects of truth that these discourses produce in everyday social practices
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