Caracterização morfologica, fisiologica e nutricional de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex.Maiden submetidas a diferentes niveis de estresse hidrico durante a fase de rustificação

Orientador: Antonio Carlos NogueiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Parana, Setor de Ciencias AgrariasÁrea de concentração: SilviculturaO presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar os efeitos dos diferentes tratamentos de manejo hídrico, habitualmente utilizado durante a rustificação, na qualidade de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. Maiden, utilizando parâmetros morfológicos, fisiológicos e nutricionais. O ensaio envolveu também os efeitos da rustificação na sobrevivência das mudas no campo. O estresse hídrico sofrido pelas mudas foi determinado com base na tensão de retenção de água pelo substrato. Os tratamentos foram : mudas sem sofrer déficit hídrico durante a rustificação (permanentemente subirrigadas); mudas irrigadas ao atingir uma tensão de retenção de água pelo substrato de -0,05 MPa; mudas irrigadas ao atingir uma tensão de retenção de água pelo substrato de -0,1 MPa; mudas irrigadas ao atingir uma tensão de retenção de água pelo substrato de -0,5 MPa e mudas irrigadas ao atingir uma tensão de retenção de água pelo substrato de -1,5 MPa. As características morfológicas determinadas foram: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, pesos de matéria verde e de matéria seca da parte aérea, pesos de matéria verde e de matéria seca da parte radicial, pesos de matéria verde e de matéria seca total, área foliar e peso específico foliar. As características fisiológicas determinadas foram clorofila, potencial hídrico no ponto correspondente ao estresse e transpiração. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o regime hídrico afetou muito a qualidade da muda. Todas as características morfológicas tiveram seus valores reduzidos proporcionalmente ao aumento do estresse hídrico aplicado. Quanto às características fisiológicas, pôde-se constatar que o teor de clorofila não foi afetado pelo manejo hídrico, entretanto a transpiração foi fortemente relacionada ao estresse hídrico. Quanto maior o estresse menor foi a transpiração e maior foi a sobrevivência das mudas no campo, mostrando ser esta característica muito importante na determinação da qualidade da muda. Com relação à caracterização nutricional, observou-se que a movimentação dos nutrientes do substrato ao longo do tubete foi diferente para cada manejo hídrico. Geralmente houve acúmulo dos minerais no substrato da parte superior do tubete, e em geral, quanto maior o estresse maior foi a diferença entre os teores de nutrientes do substrato da parte inferior em comparação com aquele da parte superior do tubete. Na planta, praticamente não ocorreram alterações nas concentrações dos nutrientes. A variação que ocorreu na quantidade total de nutrientes na planta nos diferentes tratamentos esteve relacionada ao peso da matéria seca.This study characterized Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. Maiden seedlings in terms of morphological, physiological and nutritional parameters under different degrees of water stress during enharding, and related them to seedling survival in out planting. It was carried out along 1996 at Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas of Unesp, in the municipality of Botucatu, State of Säo Paulo. The water stress suffered by the seedlings was determined based on water retention tension by the growing medium. The treatments applied were: a) water-stress-free seedlings (permanently sub-irrigated); b) seedlings irrigated when reaching: -0,05 MPa; c) - 0,1 MPa; d) -0,5 MPa and e) -1,5 MPa. The morphological seedling characteristics measured were: shoot height, collar diameter, shoot and root turgid and dry weight and total turgid and dry weight, leaf area and specific leaf weight. The physiological characteristics determined were: chlorophyll, leaf water potential at stress tention on each treatment, and transpiration. The results pointed out that the water management strongly influenced the seedling quality. All the morphological characteristics had decreasing values when on high water stress. The amount of chlorophyll did not change at water management but transpiration was strongly related to water stress. The higher the stress the lower the transpiration, increasing seedling survival in the out planting, indicating that this parameter is important in determining seedling quality. Nutrients movement in growing medium along the container differed in each treatment. In general, mineral nutrients were accumulated in growing medium at the upper part of the container. The higher the stress, the greater the difference between nutrients content in the growing medium at container upper and lower parts. Changes in nutrient concentration in the plant were not observed. Variation of total nutrients in the plant at different tratments was related to dry weight

ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE Eucalyptus urograndis PRODUCTION IN TWO TYPES OF CONTAINERS

The systematic treatment of uncertainties associated with forest production processes allows the establishment of technical and managerial strategies to mitigate the risk inherent in the application of capital demanded in the production of cuttings. Therefore, the aim of this research was to ascertain the unit risk to produce Eucalyptus cuttings using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Based on the estimate of the production cost of Eucalyptus cuttings and in the expected revenues of six productive systems, characterized as forestry investment projects, it was possible to construct cash flows followed by the metrics used for the decision of mutually exclusive investment projects. The incorporation of risk analysis had as propositions the uncertainties associated with the productive factors, in which probability distributions were attributed. Then, pseudorandom numbers were generated by the Monte Carlo simulation method, with the purpose of measuring the stochastic economic values and the probabilities of occurrences for the project metrics. The stochastic results showed that the probability of economic viability for the analyzed conditions is null. The most critical stochastic variables of forestry projects are investments and the cycle production of cuttings.

QUALIDADE DE MUDAS DE PAU-D'ALHO SOB DIFERENTES DOSES E FREQUÊNCIAS DE APLICAÇÃO DE NUTRIENTES

O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar como a dose e a frequência da fertirrigação influenciam o desenvolvimento de mudas de Gallesia integrifolia, por meio de variáveis morfofisiológicas. A pesquisa foi realizada no Viveiro de Produção de Mudas Florestais da FCA/UNESP. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos com a espécie, em um deles testou-se as frequências de aplicação da solução nutritiva e no outro as doses. Ao final do experimento foram avaliadas: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, massas secas da parte aérea, radicular e total, índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD), conformação do sistema radicular, área foliar, transpiração, e o índice de cor verde. Todas as variáveis morfológicas analisadas foram influenciadas pela frequência de aplicação da solução nutritiva, exceto o diâmetro do colo e o IQD. Não houve diferença estatística para as variáveis diâmetro do colo, massa seca total e IQD no experimento com doses. Mudas de maior qualidade de Gallesia integrifolia foram obtidas em uma dose padrão aplicada de forma mais fracionada

EFFECTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSTED SEWAGE SLUDGE SUBSTRATES ON THE GROWTH AND QUALITY OF CLONAL EUCALYPTUS SEEDLINGS

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substrates made of composted sewage sludge and irrigation depths on the growth and quality of E. grandis x E. urophylla cuttings to optimize water management for each substrate. The substrates were obtained from sewage sludge composted with sugarcane bagasse or Eucalyptus bark, namely: composted sewage sludge with sugarcane bagasse (1:3 v:v); sewage sludge composted with Eucalyptus bark (1:3 v:v) and a mixture of both substrates in a volumetric proportion 2:1 (v:v). Commercial substrate composed of Sphagnum peat, vermiculite and rice husk (3:1:1 v:v: v) was used as a control. The irrigation depths tested were 11, 14 and 17 mm, applied in two daily applications. The substrates were physically and chemically characterized and height, stem diameter, shoot, root and total dry mass, Dickson quality index and root system conformation were measured to determine the growth and quality of seedlings. The substrates obtained through the composting of sewage sludge with sugarcane bagasse or Eucalyptus bark are fit for producing Eucalyptus cuttings, however, the water specificity of each substrate must be considered. Although an 11mm irrigation depth is indicted for the mixture of both substrates (2:1 v:v), a 17mm irrigation depth is needed for the sewage sludge composted with sugarcane bagasse (1:3 v:v) substrate

SEWAGE SLUDGE COMPOST ASSOCIATED TO FREQUENCY OF IRRIGATION FOR Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel) Taubert SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION

Inappropriate disposal of sewage sludge has become an environmental problem. In some Brazilian states, such as São Paulo, in natura sewage sludge use is practically prohibited due to restrictive requirements by CONAMA Resolution No. 375/2006. Therefore, a very promising alternative to reuse this residue is to compost it with other materials and use it as a substrate in the production of seedlings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of the seedlings of Peltophorum dubium in compost with sewage sludge, to determine which frequency of irrigation would be more adequate according to the physical characteristics of each substrate, and if this would influence the morphological and nutritional variables of the seedlings. Two composts were produced: sewage sludge composted with sugarcane bagasse and sewage sludge composted with eucalyptus bark, both in 1: 1 proportion. Commercial substrate was used for control. This study was completely randomized in a 3x3 factorial design, which three substrates and three frequencies of irrigation were tested: two, three and four times per day. The evaluated parameters were: plant height, stem diameter ratio, shoot / root ratio, leaf dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, green color index, Dickson quality index (IQD), water loss through leaching and substrate water retain capacity. The best results were observed in the seedlings produced in sewage sludge compound with eucalyptus bark submitted to the frequencies of two or three times a day

USO DE LODO DE ESGOTO NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS CLONAIS DE EUCALYPTUS

O lodo de esgoto é um resíduo proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto e na maioria dos casos não são aproveitados adequadamente sendo depositados em aterros sanitários e este resíduo apresenta todos os nutrientes essenciais para a nutrição mineral das plantas além de apresentar teores elevados de matéria orgânico que promove maior retenção de agua e melhorando os fatores físico e biológicos do solo.  O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar substratos a base de lodo de esgoto compostado e de casca de pinus no desenvolvimento, qualidade, nutrição das mudas do clone H13 (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla) e os teores de nutrientes no substrato. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições compostas por 372 mudas por parcela. Os tratamentos foram: T1 – substrato de lodo de esgoto compostado enriquecido com K, Ca e Mg denominado PV; T2=PV+SC (substrato comercial a base de casca de pinus) na proporção 3:1, v:v; T3=PV+SC (1:1, v:v); T4=PV+SC (1:3, v:v); T5=  SC. Os melhores tratamentos para o desenvolvimento de mudas de eucalipto do clone H13 foram: T1 (PV) e T2 (PV+SC, 3:1, v:v). As plantas cultivadas com o substrato de composto de lodo de esgoto obtiveram uma maior produtividade, desenvolvimento e maior acúmulo de N, P, K, Ca, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn comparada com as plantas que foram utilizadas somente o substrato comercial

Desenvolvimento da competência cultural na formação dos estudantes de enfermagem

The aim was to identify and map the strategies for the development of cultural competence during the training of students in nursing education institutions. For the elaboration of this Integrative Literature Review, the PCC method was used to develop the research question: What are the strategies used by Nursing Education Institutions to develop cultural competence during the training of students? To answer the question asked, a search was carried out, using the EBSCO-host and PubMed search engines, and the respective databases Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and MedLine. No time horizon limits were applied. The established languages ​​were Portuguese, English and Spanish. For the assessment of methodological quality, we used a critical assessment instrument, specific for each type of study (qualitative and quantitative). Seven studies were included in the selection, which after being analyzed showed that there are strategies through which students can develop CC, but the most used are: Mobility Programs and Cultural Competence Courses. These results provide evidence of the potential use of educational strategies for the development of CC in nursing students.Objetivou-se identificar e mapear as estratégias de desenvolvimento da competência cultural durante a formação dos estudantes nas instituições de ensino de enfermagem. Para a elaboração da presente Revisão Integrativa da Literatura, recorreu-se ao método PCC, de forma a desenvolver a questão de investigação: Quais são as estratégias utilizadas pelas Instituições de Ensino de Enfermagem para Desenvolvimento da competência cultural durante a formação dos estudantes? De modo a dar resposta à questão formulada, realizou-se uma pesquisa, com recurso aos motores de busca EBSCO-host e PubMed, e às respectivas bases de dados Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature e MedLine. Não foram aplicados limites de horizonte temporal. Os idiomas estabelecidos foram, português, inglês e espanhol. Para a avaliação da qualidade metodológica, utilizamos um instrumento de avaliação crítica, específico para cada tipo de estudo (qualitativo e quantitativo). Sete estudos foram incluídos na seleção, que após analisados demonstraram que há estratégias através das quais os estudantes podem desenvolver CC, porém as mais utilizadas são: os Programas de Mobilidade e os Cursos de Competência Cultural. Estes resultados fornecem evidências do potencial da utilização das estratégias educativas relativamente ao desenvolvimento da CC nos estudantes de Enfermagem

O Aprendizado sobre a Hanseníase e Tuberculose a partir de um Projeto de Cultura e Extensão: Relato de Experiência

This work has the objective to report the experience of scholarship students in the development of activities related to the project of culture and extension Leprosy and Tuberculosis in Primary Attention: organization of databases and active search in an basic health unit in a period of 2010 to 2014. Qualitative and descriptive study whose empirical material is the reflection made by scholarship students. As potentiality points the sensibility of the Basic Health Unit (BHU) team, in especial by the community health agents in the issue of leprosy and tuberculosis; the increase in the active search of cases; waiting room activities implementation; articulation of district level and the BHU team in the concern of responsibility by the cases; undergraduate students’ experiences in home visits, individual care and educative activities to the families with leprosy and tuberculosis. From the experiences, there was the foundation of the Leprosy League in articulation with the Reintegration Movement of People Affected by Leprosy. As the limit of experiments, the non realization of the activities developed by scholarship students by the BHU team and the participation of students from other health courses are considered. The project promotes the learning in the organization of collective activities, leadership and research production.O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar a experiência de bolsistas no desenvolvimento de atividades relacionadas ao projeto de cultura e extensão Hanseníase e Tuberculose na Atenção Primária: organização de dados e busca ativa em uma unidade básica de saúde no período de 2010 a 2014. Estudo qualitativo, descritivo que tem por material empírico a reflexão dos bolsistas. Como potencialidades aponta-se a sensibilização da equipe da Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), em especial, dos agentes comunitários de saúde com relação ao tema da hanseníase e tuberculose; aumento da busca ativa de casos; realização de atividades em sala de espera; articulação do nível distrital e a equipe da UBS com relação à responsabilização pelos casos; vivência dos estudantes da graduação em visitas domiciliares, atendimento individual e atividades educativas às famílias com hanseníase e tuberculose. A partir da vivência houve a fundação da Liga de Hanseníase e articulação ao Movimento de Reintegração das Pessoas Atingidas pela Hanseníase. Como limites da experiência considera-se a não realização das atividades desenvolvidas pelos bolsistas pela equipe da UBS e a participação de estudantes de outros cursos da área de saúde. O projeto promoveu aprendizados na organização de atividades coletivas, liderança e a produção de pesquisas

Degradation of the pharmaceuticals lamivudine and zidovudine using advanced oxidation processes

The existence of pharmaceuticals in nature is a growing environmental problem, turning necessary the use of efficient treatments for the degradation of these substances, as the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this work the AOPs UV/H2O2 and photo-Fenton were applied to degrade the pharmaceuticals lamivudine and zidovudine in an aqueous solution using a bench reactor, composed of three UV-C lamps. It was verified that the UV/H2O2 process presented a degradation of 97.33 ± 0.14% for lamivudine and 93.90 ± 0.33% for zidovudine, after 180 min of treatment and for an initial concentratin of each pharmaceutical of  5 mg.L-1 and [H2O2] of 600 mg.L-1.  A methodology by artificial neural networks (ANNs) was used to model the photocatalytic process, with the MLP 7-23-2 ANN representing it well, and determining the relative importance (%) of each of the input variables for the pharmaceutical’s degradation process. Kinetic studies for the pharmaceutical degradation and the conversion of organic matter showed good adjustments to the pseudo first-order models with R2 raging from 0.9705 to 0.9980. Toxicity assays for the before treatment solution indicated that the seeds Lactuca sativa and Portulaca grandiflora showed growth inhibition whereas the post-treatment solution inhibited only the growth of Lactuca sativa

Composted sewage sludge as an alternative substrate for forest seedlings production

The production of forest seedlings with adequate morphological and physiological characteristics is essential for the success of plantations. Substrates and irrigation are the major factors determining seedlings’ growth. Substrates made of urban and agricultural residues are a sustainable alternative to peat-based substrates. In this study, we evaluated how composted sewage sludge substrates affect the growth and gas exchange in seedlings of Cedrela fissilis Vell. Seedlings were produced under daily irrigation depths of 6, 9, and 12 mm, and on different substrates. The substrates were based on sewage sludge composted with Eucalyptus bark or sugarcane bagasse, and a commercial substrate based on peat, involving a double factorial design with 12 treatments (3 irrigation depths × 3 substrates). Both physical and chemical characteristics of substrates were analyzed, and morphological traits and gas exchanges of seedlings were measured. Sewage sludge-based substrates presented different characteristics according to the material it was mixed. Eucalyptus bark provided higher bulk density (0.19 g cm-3) and lower total porosity (75%) to the substrate, while sugarcane bagasse increased macroporosity up to 60%. Seedlings produced in sewage sludge-based substrates presented a height up to 17.8 cm and stem diameters of between 8.39-10.29 mm. Higher shoot and root dry mass was obtained in sewage sludge-based substrates with irrigation depth of 9 mm, which were 3.71 and 2.01 g, respectively. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation varied between 2.26 and 3.23 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, and water use efficiency varied from 2.058 to 3.395 µmol CO2 (mol H2O)-1, with the highest values being obtained in seedlings produced in sewage sludge-based substrates with irrigation depth of 6 mm. Our results demonstrate that sewage sludge-based substrates are an efficient alternative to commercial peat-based substrates for seedling production