Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in the Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) II: Costs and Benefits

feeds upon a huge diversity of hosts, it has been exposed to a wide variety of plant allelochemicals, which probably have promoted a wide range of detoxification systems. on both hosts, but they increased the transcriptional levels of two genes. than susceptible genotypes on radish, the more unfavorable host. Susceptible genotypes should be able to tolerate the defended host by up-regulating some metabolic genes that are also responding to insecticides. Hence, our results suggest that the trade-off among resistance mechanisms might be quite complex, with a multiplicity of costs and benefits depending on the environment

Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in the Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) I: A Transcriptomic Survey

BACKGROUND: Insecticide resistance is one of the best examples of rapid micro-evolution found in nature. Since the development of the first synthetic insecticide in 1939, humans have invested considerable effort to stay ahead of resistance phenotypes that repeatedly develop in insects. Aphids are a group of insects that have become global pests in agriculture and frequently exhibit insecticide resistance. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, has developed resistance to at least seventy different synthetic compounds, and different insecticide resistance mechanisms have been reported worldwide. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To further characterize this resistance, we analyzed genome-wide transcriptional responses in three genotypes of M. persicae, each exhibiting different resistance mechanisms, in response to an anti-cholinesterase insecticide. The sensitive genotype (exhibiting no resistance mechanism) responded to the insecticide by up-regulating 183 genes primarily ones related to energy metabolism, detoxifying enzymes, proteins of extracellular transport, peptidases and cuticular proteins. The second genotype (resistant through a kdr sodium channel mutation), up-regulated 17 genes coding for detoxifying enzymes, peptidase and cuticular proteins. Finally, a multiply resistant genotype (carrying kdr and a modified acetylcholinesterase), up-regulated only 7 genes, appears not to require induced insecticide detoxification, and instead down-regulated many genes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests strongly that insecticide resistance in M. persicae is more complex that has been described, with the participation of a broad array of resistance mechanisms. The sensitive genotype exhibited the highest transcriptional plasticity, accounting for the wide range of potential adaptations to insecticides that this species can evolve. In contrast, the multiply resistant genotype exhibited a low transcriptional plasticity, even for the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in insecticide detoxification. Our results emphasize the value of microarray studies to search for regulated genes in insects, but also highlights the many ways those different genotypes can assemble resistant phenotypes depending on the environmental pressure

Diagnóstico socioeconômico dos agricultores do Agreste Paraibano para implantação da Produção Agroecológica Integrada e Sustentável - PAIS

A Produção Agroecológica Integrada e Sustentável (PAIS) é um projeto desenvolvido pelo SEBRAE com a Fundação Banco do Brasil (FBB) que tem como objetivo desenvolver a produção da agricultura familiar em todo o país através da produção de hortaliças agroecológicas e a criação de galinhas. O presente artigo tem como objetivo diagnosticar as condições socioeconômica e ambiental das famílias integrantes da agricultura familiar do Agreste Paraibano para implantação da Produção Agroecológica Integrada e Sustentável – PAIS. Observou-se que 72,32% dos entrevistados são do sexo masculino, a maioria possui idade entre 31-40 anos, possui apenas o ensino fundamental e recebem rendas complementares do governo, a exemplo do Bolsa Família. Conclui-se que nas comunidades pesquisadas há um desenvolvimento tanto na qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores como no meio ambiente e que a agricultura familiar proporciona para os moradores uma sustentabilidade e rentabilidade econômica, no entanto faltam investimentos e projetos que viabilizem um maior desenvolvimento.The Integrated and Sustainable Agroecological Production (PAIS) is a project developed by Sebrae with the Bank of Brazil Foundation (FBB) which aims to develop the production of family farms across the country through the production of agroecological vegetables and raising chickens. This article aims to diagnose the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the members of family farming families of Paraiba Agreste to implement the Integrated and Sustainable Agroecological Production - PAIS. It was observed that 72.32% of respondents are male, most have age between 31-40 years, only has elementary school and receive government supplementary incomes, such as the Bolsa Familia. We conclude that in the communities surveyed there is a development in both quality of life of workers and the environment and that family farming provides to the residents a sustainability and economic profitability, however lacking investments and projects that enable further development.Eje A6: Desarrollo Rural, Movimientos Sociales, Estado y AgroecologíaFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Artemia enrichment as modulator of gene expression patterns of Enteroctopus megalocyathus paralarvae at pre-settlement stage

Enteroctopus megalocyathus, the Patagonian red octopus, is the only octopus species for which a complete production cycle in captivity has been accomplished in Chile. The rearing of E. megalocyathus paralarvae from hatching to the settlement of juveniles lasts 90 days and it represents the bottleneck in the culture of this species. The paralarval stages from 1 to 60 days after hatching (DAH) are fed on enriched Artemia while, when pre-settlement behavior appears, from 60 DAH onwards, the feeding protocol is a mixed diet of enriched Artemia and juvenile marine crabs. Marine crustaceans represent a suitable diet to improve E. megalocyathus paralarvae survival, complementing the enriched Artemia to feed the pre-settling paralarvae. To determine the effect of Artemia enrichment on the response of E. megalocyathus at the pre-settling paralarval stage, paralarvae were fed two mixed diets containing juvenile marine crabs (Petrolisthes spp.) and differing only in Artemia enrichment: enriched (complete diet, CD), or unenriched (limited diet, LD). After 30 days of feeding trial, samples consisting of whole paralarvae were collected for transcriptomic analysis using high-quality total RNA to generate six mRNA libraries (two treatments x three biological replicates). A total of 270 genes were differentially expressed between paralarvae fed LD and those fed CD. When classifying the cellular processes in which the genes of LD and CD paralarvae differed significantly, it was observed that the downregulated/upregulated gene ratio was 2/1 in genes related to membrane organization and neuron differentiation. The genes of paralarvae fed a LD for which upregulation was equal to or >20 times compared with those fed a CD were related with increased rearrangement of tissues, molecular transport, energy production, improvement of sensory organs, cellular processes, transcription, and protein catabolic processes. The downregulated genes in paralarvae fed a LD were involved with reduced DNA repair and mRNA replication and elongation, molecular transport, cellular protein modification, cellular component organization, inflammatory cytokines, and biosynthetic processes. It was concluded that removing enrichment from Artemia, even under co-feeding with marine crustaceans, results in notable changes in the transcription that, while not generating a significant detriment to growth in 30 days of experimentation, could affect subsequent growth phases.This work was possible thanks to funding provided by Interdisciplinary Network of Advanced Research for Marine Larviculture of Species with Complex Lifecycles (INLARVI), and the grants FONDAP 1522A0004 and FONDECYT 1200668.Peer reviewe

A multicenter randomized-controlled trial of hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) for human liver grafts before transplantation

Background &amp; Aims: Machine perfusion is a novel method intended to optimize livers before transplantation. However, its effect on morbidity within a 1-year period after transplantation has remained unclear. Methods: In this multicenter controlled trial, we randomly assigned livers donated after brain death (DBD) for liver transplantation (LT). Livers were either conventionally cold stored (control group), or cold stored and subsequently treated by 1-2 h hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) before implantation (HOPE group). The primary endpoint was the occurrence of at least one post-transplant complication per patient, graded by the Clavien score of ≥III, within 1-year after LT. The comprehensive complication index (CCI), laboratory parameters, as well as duration of hospital and intensive care unit stay, graft survival, patient survival, and biliary complications served as secondary endpoints. Results: Between April 2015 and August 2019, we randomized 177 livers, resulting in 170 liver transplantations (85 in the HOPE group and 85 in the control group). The number of patients with at least one Clavien ≥III complication was 46/85 (54.1%) in the control group and 44/85 (51.8%) in the HOPE group (odds ratio 0.91; 95% CI 0.50-1.66; p = 0.76). Secondary endpoints were also not significantly different between groups. A post hoc analysis revealed that liver-related Clavien ≥IIIb complications occurred less frequently in the HOPE group compared to the control group (risk ratio 0.26; 95% CI 0.07-0.77; p = 0.027). Likewise, graft failure due to liver-related complications did not occur in the HOPE group, but occurred in 7% (6 of 85) of the control group (log-rank test, p = 0.004, Gray test, p = 0.015). Conclusions: HOPE after cold storage of DBD livers resulted in similar proportions of patients with at least one Clavien ≥III complication compared to controls. Exploratory findings suggest that HOPE decreases the risk of severe liver graft-related events. Impact and implications: This randomized controlled phase III trial is the first to investigate the impact of hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) on cumulative complications within a 12-month period after liver transplantation. Compared to conventional cold storage, HOPE did not have a significant effect on the number of patients with at least one Clavien ≥III complication. However, we believe that HOPE may have a beneficial effect on the quantity of complications per patient, based on its application leading to fewer severe liver graft-related complications, and to a lower risk of liver-related graft loss. The HOPE approach can be applied easily after organ transport during recipient hepatectomy. This appears fundamental for wide acceptance since concurring perfusion technologies need either perfusion at donor sites or continuous perfusion during organ transport, which are much costlier and more laborious. We conclude therefore that the post hoc findings of this trial should be further validated in future studies.</p

A multicenter randomized-controlled trial of hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) for human liver grafts before transplantation

Background &amp; Aims: Machine perfusion is a novel method intended to optimize livers before transplantation. However, its effect on morbidity within a 1-year period after transplantation has remained unclear. Methods: In this multicenter controlled trial, we randomly assigned livers donated after brain death (DBD) for liver transplantation (LT). Livers were either conventionally cold stored (control group), or cold stored and subsequently treated by 1-2 h hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) before implantation (HOPE group). The primary endpoint was the occurrence of at least one post-transplant complication per patient, graded by the Clavien score of ≥III, within 1-year after LT. The comprehensive complication index (CCI), laboratory parameters, as well as duration of hospital and intensive care unit stay, graft survival, patient survival, and biliary complications served as secondary endpoints. Results: Between April 2015 and August 2019, we randomized 177 livers, resulting in 170 liver transplantations (85 in the HOPE group and 85 in the control group). The number of patients with at least one Clavien ≥III complication was 46/85 (54.1%) in the control group and 44/85 (51.8%) in the HOPE group (odds ratio 0.91; 95% CI 0.50-1.66; p = 0.76). Secondary endpoints were also not significantly different between groups. A post hoc analysis revealed that liver-related Clavien ≥IIIb complications occurred less frequently in the HOPE group compared to the control group (risk ratio 0.26; 95% CI 0.07-0.77; p = 0.027). Likewise, graft failure due to liver-related complications did not occur in the HOPE group, but occurred in 7% (6 of 85) of the control group (log-rank test, p = 0.004, Gray test, p = 0.015). Conclusions: HOPE after cold storage of DBD livers resulted in similar proportions of patients with at least one Clavien ≥III complication compared to controls. Exploratory findings suggest that HOPE decreases the risk of severe liver graft-related events. Impact and implications: This randomized controlled phase III trial is the first to investigate the impact of hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) on cumulative complications within a 12-month period after liver transplantation. Compared to conventional cold storage, HOPE did not have a significant effect on the number of patients with at least one Clavien ≥III complication. However, we believe that HOPE may have a beneficial effect on the quantity of complications per patient, based on its application leading to fewer severe liver graft-related complications, and to a lower risk of liver-related graft loss. The HOPE approach can be applied easily after organ transport during recipient hepatectomy. This appears fundamental for wide acceptance since concurring perfusion technologies need either perfusion at donor sites or continuous perfusion during organ transport, which are much costlier and more laborious. We conclude therefore that the post hoc findings of this trial should be further validated in future studies.</p

The effect of polymer/plasticiser ratio in film forming solutions on the properties of chitosan films

In this work physical-chemical properties of chitosan/ glycerol film forming solutions (FFS) and the resulting films were analysed. Solutions were prepared using different concentrations of plasticising agent (glycerol) and chitosan. Films were produced by solvent casting and equilibrated in a controlled atmosphere. FFS water activity and rheological behaviour were determined. Films water content, solubility, water vapour and oxygen permeabilities, thickness, and mechanical and thermal properties were determined. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was also used to study the chitosan/glycerol interactions. Results demonstrate that FFS chitosan concentration influenced solutions consistency coefficient and this was related with differences in films water retention and structure. Plasticiser addition led to an increase in films moisture content, solubility and water vapour permeability, water affinity and structural changes. Films thermo-mechanical properties are significantly affected by both chitosan and glycerol addition. FTIR experiments confirm these results. This work highlights the importance of glycerol and water plasticisation in films properties.This work was supported by National Funds from FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, through project PEst-OE/EQB/LA0016/2011.Authors Joana F. Fundo, Andrea C. Galvis-Sanchez and Mafalda A. C. Quintas acknowledge FCT for research grants SFRH/ BD / 62176 / 2009, SFRH/BPD/37890/2007 and SFRH / BPD / 41715 / 2007, respectively

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO