Fairness at Trial: The Impact of Procedural Justice and Other Experiential Factors on Criminal Defendants' Perceptions of Court Legitimacy in Poland

A large body of research supports the procedural justice hypothesis that quality of treatment matters more than outcomes for institutional legitimacy. How fairness matters across legal institutions and geographic settings remains an open question, however. This article uses a survey of criminal defendants to test the factors associated with perceived legitimacy of courts in Poland, a country whose judiciary is currently subject to intense political contestation. The findings confirm the primacy of procedural justice, while also illustrating the influence of instrumental performance factors such as time and court organization. This suggests that in contexts of political transition with disputed legal institutions, citizens’ contact with procedurally fair, operationally efficient institutions can support the legitimacy of authorities and strengthen the rule of law

VILKA ÅTAL AV OLAGA FÖRFÖLJELSE LEDER TILL FÄLLANDE DOM?

Lagen om olaga förföljelse instiftades som ett led i arbetet med att förbättra skyddet för de som utsätts för upprepade trakasserier, så kallad stalkning. Få anmälningar, otydliga brottsrekvisit samt avsaknad av en nedre gräns för brottet uppges som möjliga anledningar till relativt få åtal samt fällande domar sedan lagen kom 2011. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur väl lagen om olaga förföljelse fångar upp stalkning genom att studera vilka omständigheter som leder till fällande dom. Etthundra tingsrättsdomar där den tilltalade blivit åtalad för olaga förföljelse undersöktes med ett kodschema. Domar där den tilltalade blivit dömd för olaga förföljelse har jämförts med domar där den tilltalade istället blivit dömd för något av underbrotten, såsom ofredande eller olaga hot. Resultaten visade att det inte finns några skillnader avseende vilka typer av underbrott eller stalkningsbeteenden som utförts. Skillnad fanns däremot för mängden underbrott och handlingar som utgör stalkningsbeteendet och allvarlighetsgrad av stalkningsbeteende vilka samtliga var högre i den grupp som blivit dömd för olaga förföljelse. Trots dessa skillnader uppvisar den grupp som inte dömts för olaga förföljelse också ett stalkningsbeteende. Detta tyder på att lagen endast fångar upp stalkning av mer allvarlig karaktär.The stalking law was introduced with the intent to strengthen the protection of victims of repeated harassment, i.e stalking. Statistics show that only a small number of stalking cases lead to prosecution and conviction in Sweden. Few police reports and unclear legal requirements regarding the stalking law were reported to be possible reasons. The aim of this study was to examine how well the stalking law identifies stalking behaviours. The study included 100 verdicts where the perpetrator was prosecuted according to the stalking law. These were examined by using a coding schema. Verdicts where the perpetrator was convicted for stalking were compared with verdicts where the perpetrator was convicted for stalking related offences. The results did not show any differences regarding type of offense or type of stalking behaviours. However differences were found regarding the amount of offences committed, the amount of actions that constitute stalking behaviour and the degree of severity of stalking behaviours, where the group convicted for stalking had a higher rate overall. Despite these differences the group consisting of perpetrators that were not convicted for stalking related offences still exhibited stalking behaviours. This indicates that the stalking law only identifies stalking among those who have severe stalking behaviour

Distant metastasis of rectal adenocarcinoma in a temporary tracheostoma

Background. The temporary tracheostoma’s metastases of head and neck cancer had already been reported in the literature. So far, they had been considered as regional dissemination of the malignant disease. We report a case of temporary tracheostoma’s metastasis of carcinoma from non-head-and-neck primary site, what has not been reported in the literature, yet. Therefore, it is the first reported case of the systemic dissemination of malignant tumour into temporary tracheostoma

Distant metastasis of rectal adenocarcinoma in a temporary tracheostoma

BACKGROUND: The temporary tracheostoma’s metastases of head and neck cancer had already been reported in the literature. So far, they had been considered as regional dissemination of the malignant disease. We report a case of temporary tracheostoma’s metastasis of carcinoma from non-head-and-neck primary site, what has not been reported in the literature, yet. Therefore, it is the first reported case of the systemic dissemination of malignant tumour into temporary tracheostoma. CASE REPORT. Fifty-four-year-old female patient, previously treated for a rectal adenocarcinoma, reported in our office with exophytic pink tissue masses around the temporary tracheostoma. The biopsy and immunohistochemistry findings were consistent with temporary tracheostoma’s metastasis of the rectal adenocarcinoma. The patient received palliative radiotherapy and died of systemic progression of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with history of primary cancer of any origin and exophytic proliferating changes around the tracheostoma require an appropriate diagnostic work-up including a biopsy. The type of treatment depends on the extent of the disease, previous therapy and general condition of the patient

Emergent tracheostomy during the pandemic of COVID-19: Slovenian National Recommendations

Purpose: Emergent tracheostomy under local anaesthesia is a reliable method of airway management when orotracheal intubation is not possible. COVID-19 is spread through aerosol making the emergent tracheostomy a high-risk procedure for surgeons. The surgical establishment of the air conduit in emergency scenarios must be adjusted for safety reasons. Methods: To establish the Slovenian National Guidelines for airway management in cannot intubate—cannot ventilate situations in COVID-19 positive patients. Results: Good communication and coordination between surgeon and anaesthesiologist is absolutely necessary. Deep general anaesthesia, full muscle relaxation and adequate preoxygenation without intubation are initial steps. The surgical cricothyrotomy is performed quickly, the thin orotracheal tube is inserted, the cuff is inflated and ventilation begins. Following patient stabilisation, the conversion to the tracheostomy is undertaken with the following features: skin infiltration with vasoconstrictor, a vertical incision, avoidance of electrical devices in favour of classical manners of haemostasis, the advancement of the tube towards the carina, performing the tracheal window in complete apnoea following adequate oxygenation, the insertion of non-fenestrated canulla attached to a heat and moisture exchanger, the fixation of canulla with stitches and tapes, and the cricothyrotomy entrance closure. Appropriate safety equipment is equally important. Conclusion: The goal of the guidelines is to make the procedure safer for medical teams, without harming the patients. Further improvements of the guidelines will surely appear as COVID-19 is a new entity and there is not yet much experience in handling it

The effects of topical antibiotics on eradication and acquisition of third-generation cephalosporin and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in ICU patients; a post hoc analysis from a multicentre cluster-randomized trial

Objectives: The aim was to quantify the effects of selective digestive tract decontamination (SDD) consisting of a mouth paste and gastro-enteral suspension, selective oropharyngeal decontamination with a mouth paste (SOD) and 1-2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on eradication and acquisition of carriage of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (3GCR-E) and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB) in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. Methods: This was a nested cohort study within a cluster-randomized cross-over trial in six European countries and 13 ICUs with 8665 patients. Eradication and acquisition during ICU stay of 3GCR-E and CR-GNB were investigated separately in the rectum and respiratory tract for the three interventions and compared with standard care (SC) using Cox-regression competing events analyses. Results: Adjusted cause specific hazard ratios (CSHR) for eradication of rectal carriage for SDD were 1.76 (95% CI 1.31-2.36) for 3GCR-E and 3.17 (95% CI 1.60-6.29) for CR-GNB compared with SC. For the respiratory tract, adjusted CSHR for eradication of 3GCR-E were 1.47 (0.98-2.20) for SDD and 1.38 (0.92-2.06) for SOD compared with SC, and for eradication of CR-GNB these were 0.77 (0.41- 1.45) for SDD and 0.81 (0.44-1.51) for SOD, compared with SC. Adjusted CSHRs for acquisition of rectal carriage during SDD (compared with SC) were 0.51 (0.40-0.64) for 3GCR-E and of 0.56 (0.40-0.78) for CR-GNB. Adjusted CSHRs for acquiring respiratory tract carriage with 3GCR-E compared with SC were 0.38 (0.28-0.50) for SDD and 0.55 (0.42-0.71) for SOD, and for CR-GNB 0.46 (0.33-0.64) during SDD and 0.60 (0.44-0.81) during SOD, respectively. SOD was not associated with eradication or acquisition of 3GCR-E and CR-GNB in the rectum. Conclusions: Among mechanically ventilated ICU patients, SDD was associated with more eradication and less acquisition of 3GCR-E and CR-GNB in the rectum than SC. SDD and SOD were associated with less acquisition of both 3GCR-E and CR-GNB than SC in the respiratory tract.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio