Suppression of antibody formation by the reticuloendothelial (RES)-blockade. I. Effects of the RES-blockade with macromolecular polyvinyl pyrrolidone

For the purpose of revealing the role of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) for the antibody formation, the rats which received the repeated intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections of a vast amount of PVP were challenged by bovine serum albumin (BSA) introducing through 2 routes of intramuscular and intravenous, and then antibody formation was observed. Blood cell count and clearance rate of radiogold were observed for the purpose of obtaining the information of blockade grade of the RES by PVP. Phagocytic activity of macrophages ingesting PVP against iron colloid were also observed in vitro. 1. A severe anemia was induced by the administration of a vast amount of PVP, 15 ml of 3% solution daily or every other day for 63 days. Histological picture indicated the suppressed erythropoiesis probably by iron deficiency or the lowered iron transporting activity of the RES, as the anemia recovered after intraperitoneal iron injections. 2. With the generalized and marked swelling of the RES, the cells in germinal center of spleen and lymph nodes were extremely swollen and lymphocytes disappeared completely, suggesting that the macrophages in germinal center play an important role in reproduction and differentiation of lymphocytes. 3. The phagocytic activity of the RES as understood from the clearance rate of radiogold was suppressed only slightly even by a heavy deposition of PVP after the repeated injections. The state of blockade or the suppressed phagocytic activity persisted for 48 hours or more after the several PVP injections. However, complete blockade of the RES or inactivation of the phagocytic activity by PVP injection was not attained. 4. A prolonged treatment of animals with PVP caused delay in the appearance of circulating antibody but the final titration reached the same level as that of control. The data suggest that the blockade of the RES by PVP induces the delay in the transmittance of the information for the antibody formation from the macrophages to the immunologically competent cells but no delay in the ingesting antigen by the macrophages.</p

The Weierstrass semigroups on double covers of genus two curves

We show that three numerical semigroups , and are of double covering type, i.e., the Weierstrass semigroups of ramification points on double covers of curves. Combining this with the results of Oliveira-Pimentel and Komeda we can determine the Weierstrass semigroups of the ramification points on double covers of genus two curves.Comment: 5 page

Suppression of antibody formation by the RES-blockade. II. Effects of the RES-blockade with radioactive gold colloid

For the purpose of revealing the interaction between macrophages and plasma cells in relation to antibody formation and information for cell specialization, the proliferation of plasma cell by antigenic stimulation was observed in the rats whose RES had been previously injured by radiogold. The production of the circulating antibody was markedly suppressed by the pretreatment with radiogold. Histological observation revealed that the plasma cells and lymphocytes were completely obliterated and the tissues were replaced by the basophilic cells and fibroblastic cells. Lymph nodes which contained less radiogold and expected to be less in cell injury had also lost their lymphocytes, but showed a marked proliferation of plasma cells in the medullary cord and large basophilic cells in the area of lymph follicles. The data suggest that the impaired immune response will be due to the failure of the macrophages in releasing the informational substance for plasma cell specialization and for antibody formation on account of possible inability in metabolizing the ingested antigen by the injured macrophages.</p

On the Difference of 4-Gonal Linear Systems on some Curves

Let C = (C, g^1/4 ) be a tetragonal curve. We consider the scrollar invariants e1 , e2 , e3 of g^1/4 . We prove that if W^1/4 (C) is a non-singular variety, then every g^1/4 ∈ W^1/4 (C) has the same scrollar invariants

Suppression of antibody formation by the res-blockade. &#8546;. Effects of the res-blockade with methyl palmitate

The rats which received the repeated intra peritoneal or intravenous&#12288;injections of methyl palmitate showed a marked depressed phagocytic activity&#12288;of the RES as shown by the clearance test with radioactive iron as&#12288;well as by histological observations and a significantly suppressed antibody&#12288;formation against the challenge by BSA.&#12288;Differing from the cases of the blockade of the RES made by PVP or&#12288;radiogold, the injection of methyl palmitate did not result in any injurious&#12288;effect on the lymph follicles of lymph nodes and spleen and the plasma&#12288;cells proliferation as revealed by the histological observation. Histochemical observations of iron phagocytosis of the RES done by&#12288;Perls stain revealed that methyl palmitate&#12288;suppressed the phagocytic activity&#12288;of the Kupffer cells of the liver dramatically and also suppressed the&#12288;phagocytic activity of the sinus-lining cells in spleen to a lesser degree.&#12288;The result indicates that the injection of methyl palmitate attacks the phagocytic&#12288;function of the RES selectively and induces the reduced immune&#12288;response of the organism without giving any damages to the proliferation of immunologically com petent cells.&#12288;The fact suggests that the RES lowered in their phagocytic activity&#12288;fails to produce the informational substance for immune&#12288;response, showing&#12288;a lower level in the antibody formation even in the presence of antigen&#12288;and proliferating immunologically competent cells.</p

Weierstrass Points with First Non-Gap Four on a Double Covering of a Hyperelliptic Curve II

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 14H55; Secondary 14H30, 14J26.A 4-semigroup means a numerical semigroup whose minimum positive integer is 4. In [7] we showed that a 4-semigroup with some conditions is the Weierstrass semigroup of a ramification point on a double covering of a hyperelliptic curve. In this paper we prove that the above statement holds for every 4-semigroup

Weierstrass Points with First Non-Gap Four on a Double Covering of a Hyperelliptic Curve

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 14H55; Secondary 14H30, 14H40, 20M14.Let H be a 4-semigroup, i.e., a numerical semigroup whose minimum positive element is four. We denote by 4r(H) + 2 the minimum element of H which is congruent to 2 modulo 4. If the genus g of H is larger than 3r(H) − 1, then there is a cyclic covering π : C −→ P^1 of curves with degree 4 and its ramification point P such that the Weierstrass semigroup H(P) of P is H (Komeda [1]). In this paper it is showed that we can construct a double covering of a hyperelliptic curve and its ramification point P such that H(P) is equal to H even if g ≤ 3r(H) − 1.* Partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (15540051), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. ** Partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (15540035), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

On γ-Hyperelliptic Weierstrass Semigroups of Genus 6γ + 1 and 6γ

Let (C, P) be a pointed non-singular curve such that the Weierstrass semigroup H(P) of P is a γ-hyperelliptic numerical semigroup. Torres showed that there exists a double covering π : C → C‘ such that the point P is a ramification point of π if the genus g of C is larger than or equal to 6γ + 4. Kato and the authors also showed that the same result holds in the case g = 6γ + 3 or 6γ + 2. In this paper we prove that there exists a double covering π : C → C’ satisfying the above condition even if g = 6γ + 1, 6γ and H(P) does not contain 4