Characterization of the protein expression and localization of hnRNP family members during murine spermatogenesis

Mammalian testis exhibits remarkably high transcriptome complexity, and spermatogenesis undergoes two periods of transcriptional cessation. These make the RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) the utmost importance during male germ cell development. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are a large family of RBPs implicated in many steps of RNA processing; however, their roles in spermatogenesis are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the expression pattern of 12 hnRNP family members in mouse testes and found that most detected members are highly expressed in the testis. Furthermore, we found that most of the detected hnRNP proteins (hnRNPD, hnRNPK, hnRNPQ, hnRNPU, and hnRNPUL1) display the highest signals in the nuclei of pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and Sertoli cells, whereas hnRNPE1 exclusively concentrates in the manchette of elongating spermatids. The expression of these hnRNP proteins showed both similarities and specificity, suggesting their diverse roles in spermatogenesis

The synthesis of conjugated polymers with different length side chains and the effect on their nanoparticles

In recent years, conjugated polymers (CPs) and their nanoparticles (CPNs) were widely concerned and applied in many fields due to their outstanding advantages such as higher absorption coefficients, good photostability, low toxicity and good biocompatibility. However, most reports were focused on their applications, and rare attentions were given on the synthesis of CPs and the effect factors of CPNs’ morphology and properties. In this work, four CPs (P1, P2, P3, P4) with different length side chains were synthetized by Wittig–Horner reaction and further used to prepare CPNs by the nano-precipitation method. The CPs and CPNs were characterized and analyzed by Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The absorbance and fluorescence emission spectra of CPs in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and CPNs solutions with different length side chains were investigated, and their quantum yields (Фs) were calculated by the reference method. The results showed that the synthetic CPs have narrow polydispersity index. Some interesting phenomenon appeared with the increased side chain length. The molecular weights will reduce except P3, and the absorbance and fluorescence emission spectra of CPs and CPNs are red-shifted. Фs are better and enlarged for CPs and CPNs, and better dispersion and uniform size were founded with longer side chains