Procedures and guidelines for the Implicit Association Test (IAT) : A practice manual on paper-pencil IAT

潜在連合テスト(IAT)は、潜在認知研究の領域において近年で広く活用される測定法であるが、紙筆版 IAT につ いてはその実施方法に関する標準的で体系立った資料存在していない。本論文は、この点に注目し、紙筆版 IAT の実施方法についてのスタンダードとなりうる資料を提供し、紙筆版 IAT の進展に資することを目的として執筆された。そのさい、、単なる実施マニュアルにとどまらず、潜在指標測定の意義、潜在連合テストの背景、基礎的な分析方法、結果を解釈していく上で の考察ポイントや留意点についても包括的論じること目指した。個人あるいはグループで実習形式で学ぶことがきるように、「心理基礎実験」等の授業マニュアルとして直接に利用できる形式を採用した。そのさい、課題遂行用の各種資料をインターネットからダウンロードできるようにした。さらに参考となる情報源の紹介や今後の発展性についても論じた。There are no standard manuals utilizing the paper IAT (Implicit Association Test), though the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a widely used technique for implicit cognition. The aim of this manuscript is to provide standard pricedures and guidelines for the paper pencil IAT. For this purpose, this practical manual includes descriptions concerning the meanings for measuring implicit indexes, the background for the IAT, the funddamental methods of data analysis, critical points for dicussion, and other things to keep in consideration. Additionally, this manuscript is provided in the form of materials for a university class, such as on basic research methods in psychology. The related materials for this practice (in class or in other style) are available on the website for downloading. This manuscript also includes information for reference and further contributions

社会的カテゴリーに基づくステレオタイプ的認知機構の解明 : 情報処理特性論から社会的動機論への展開

フェリス女学院大学2014年

解決志向アプローチにおけるカウンセラーとクライエントの応答一致性に関する研究

本研究は、カウンセラーとクライエントの応答一致性が、カウンセラーやカウンセリング状況に対する観察者の印象評定に及ぼす効果について検討した。カウンセラーの応答スタイル要因（感情志向型応答と認知志向型応答）と、クライエントの応答タイプ要因（感情的応答と理性的応答）の２要因（２×２）配置計画が設定された。実験の結果、応答一致性の効果は、認知志向型カウンセラーにおいて、感情的応答クライエントよりも理性的応答クライエントのカウンセリング状況が高く評定されることが認められた。カウンセラーとクライエントの応答一致性に関わる実践的な含意について考察された。The present study examined the effect of consistency/inconsistency in the response orientation of counselor and client on impression ratings by the observers toward thecouselor and its counseling situations. The 2 x 2 factorial design was applied for this experiment; the counselor\u27s response orientation (affection-oriented counselor vs.cognition-oriented counselor) and the client\u27s response orientation (affective-oriented client vs. cognitive-oriented client). The seventy-eight university students (18 males and 60 females) participated in the experiment. The results showed that the effects of consistency in the response orientation were revealed in the cognition-oriented counselor, that is, in this counselor condition, the counseling situations toward cognitive-oriented client were positively evaluated than affective-oriented client by the observers. The involvements of practical exploration into a response matching between couselor and client were discussed

大学への学校適応感の予測因子 : 自己概念と友人関係のあり方からの検討

The present research investigated the predictive factors for a subjective adjustment toward a university (college). In the hypothesis model, the predictive variables were four personality traits, and three sub-dimensions of friendship in modem adolescents. The four personality traits were \u27self-esteem\u27, \u27sense of authenticity\u27, \u27sense of self-usefulness\u27 and \u27sense of self-affirmation\u27. The three sub-dimensions of friendship were \u27avoiding intimate relationship\u27, \u27reserved attitude to friends\u27 and \u27gathering in crowds\u27. The criterion variables were sub-dimensions of subjective adjustment toward the university. The participants were 134 female studying in a women\u27s university located in the metropolitan area of Japan. The data were submitted to the Structural Equation Model (using Amos). A subjective adjustment toward the university consists of four sub-dimensions; \u27sense of comfort\u27, \u27feeling of acceptance and trust\u27, \u27existence of task and purpose\u27 and \u27absence of feelings of rejection\u27. The findings of the path analysis showed that the significant predictive factors are different depending on respective mb-dimension of the adjustment. The distinguishing findings are as follows; while low \u27avoiding intimate relationship\u27 predicted a high score in sub-dimensions of a subjective adjustment, high \u27gathering in crowds\u27 predicted a high score in sub-dimensions of a subjective adjustment. The importance for educational approach based on the findings shown above was discussed. Especially, in these modern days, some large portions of the students in higher educational institute do not value the academic achievement. It is important to seek respective predictive factors of students\u27 subjective adjustment in each kind of educational institute

Overweight People Have Low Levels of Implicit Weight Bias, but Overweight Nations Have High Levels of Implicit Weight Bias

Although a greater degree of personal obesity is associated with weaker negativity toward overweight people on both explicit (i.e., self-report) and implicit (i.e., indirect behavioral) measures, overweight people still prefer thin people on average. We investigated whether the national and cultural context - particularly the national prevalence of obesity predicts attitudes toward overweight people independent of personal identity and weight status. Data were collected from a total sample of 338,121 citizens from 71 nations in 22 different languages on the Project Implicit website (https://implicit.harvard.edu/) between May 2006 and October 2010. We investigated the relationship of the explicit and implicit weight bias with the obesity both at the individual (i.e., across individuals) and national (i.e., across nations) level. Explicit weight bias was assessed with self-reported preference between overweight and thin people; implicit weight bias was measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The national estimates of explicit and implicit weight bias were obtained by averaging the individual scores for each nation. Obesity at the individual level was defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) scores, whereas obesity at the national level was defined as three national weight indicators (national BMI, national percentage of overweight and underweight people) obtained from publicly available databases. Across individuals, greater degree of obesity was associated with weaker implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. Across nations, in contrast, a greater degree of national obesity was associated with stronger implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. This result indicates a different relationship between obesity and implicit weight bias at the individual and national levels