Brain microvasculature defects and Glut1 deficiency syndrome averted by early repletion of the glucose transporter-1 protein

Haploinsufficiency of the SLC2A1 gene and paucity of its translated product, the glucose transporter-1 (Glut1) protein, disrupt brain function and cause the neurodevelopmental disorder, Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1 DS). There is little to suggest how reduced Glut1 causes cognitive dysfunction and no optimal treatment for Glut1 DS. We used model mice to demonstrate that low Glut1 protein arrests cerebral angiogenesis, resulting in a profound diminution of the brain microvasculature without compromising the blood–brain barrier. Studies to define the temporal requirements for Glut1 reveal that pre-symptomatic, AAV9-mediated repletion of the protein averts brain microvasculature defects and prevents disease, whereas augmenting the protein late, during adulthood, is devoid of benefit. Still, treatment following symptom onset can be effective; Glut1 repletion in early-symptomatic mutants that have experienced sustained periods of low brain glucose nevertheless restores the cerebral microvasculature and ameliorates disease. Timely Glut1 repletion may thus constitute an effective treatment for Glut1 DS

Searching for the "strategic" in the UK-Japan "new type of alliance"

For more about the East-West Center, see http://www.eastwestcenter.org/Philip Shetler-Jones, Brussels-based security consultant, explains that "important policy and strategic developments unfolding in 2015 will test the rhetoric and indicate whether the UK and Japan's relationship has the potential to produce something like a 'new type of alliance'." The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the policy or position of the East-West Center or any organization with which the author is affiliated

The Globalisation of Japan's Defence and Security Policies 1989-2009

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UK-Japan defense cooperation : Britain pivots and Japan branches out

For more about the East-West Center, see http://www.eastwestcenter.org/Philip Shetler-Jones, Security Consultant based in Brussels, explains that “the old Cold War allies of the United States are adapting to a more multipolar world order. Japan’s decision to branch out and trade arms beyond its alliance partner is one aspect of this, as is the UK’s apparent determination to show that it too can be an actor in the emerging Asian balance of power.

Japan’s new security imperative : the function of globalization

Japan has steadily extended its military reach from a domestic zone of defence against territorial invasion in the late 1950s, through a regional security policy in the late 1970s, to what has now become a globally scaled military role. This reexpansion is perceived by some as evidence of revived militaristic ambitions and by others as subservience to the U.S. global strategy. However, taking the cue from Japan’s 2004 National Defence Programme Guideline (New Taik!), this paper assesses the role globalization has played in this territorial expansion. The impact of globalization is evident in the double expansion of Japan’s national security conception in geographical terms and SDF roles in global security. These “expansions” are studied through two key elements of globalization—the deterritorialization of complex relations of interdependence between states (security globality) and the inter-penetrating nature of these relations blur the boundary between foreign and domestic spaces (intermestic space)