Can Economic Empowerment Reduce Vulnerability of Girls and Young Women to HIV?

In April 2010, the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), with support from the Nike Foundation, convened an expert meeting of researchers, program implementers, policymakers and donors to explore emerging insights into the linkages between economic empowerment and HIV outcomes for girls and young women. This report synthesizes the key insights, questions, challenges and recommendations that emerged from the meeting. It addresses two key questions:What are the links between economic status and HIV vulnerability of girls and young women?What is the role of economic empowerment in preventing and mitigating HIV among girls and young women?The report also summarizes general principles that should apply to programs and policies aiming to address the vulnerability of girls in a context of poverty and HIV

Large area application of a corn hazard model

An application test of the crop calendar portion of a corn (maize) stress indicator model developed by the early warning, crop condition assessment component of AgRISTARS was performed over the corn for grain producing regions of the U.S.S.R. during the 1980 crop year using real data. Performance of the crop calendar submodel was favorable; efficiency gains in meteorological data analysis time were on a magnitude of 85 to 90 percent

Behaviour and effects of fluorine in annealed n+ polycrystalline silicon layers on silicon wafers

A comprehensive study is made of the behaviour and effects of fluorine in n+ polysilicon layers. Sheet resistance, TEM and SIMS are used to obtain quantitative data for the breakup of the interfacial oxide, the epitaxial regrowth of the polysilicon and the fluorine and arsenic distributions. The fluorine significantly increases both the initial oxide breakup and the initial polysilicon regrowth. It also produces inclusions in the layer which can affect the subsequent polysilicon regrowth and the arsenic distributions. Three regrowth stages and two regrowth mechanisms are distinguished and interpreted and a value of approximately 6x1011cm2s-1 is deduced for the effective diffusivity of fluorine in polysilicon at 950°C

Effect of an oxide cap layer and fluorine implantation on the metal-induced lateral crystallization of amorphous silicon

In this work, we investigate the effect of oxide cap layer on the metal-induced lateral crystallization (MILC) of amorphous silicon. The MILC is characterized at temperatures in the range 550 to 428°C using Nomarski optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that better lateral crystallization is obtained when the oxide cap layer is omitted, with the crystallization length increasing by 33% for a 15 hour anneal at 550°C. A smaller increase of about 10% is seen at lower temperatures between 525°C and 475°C and no increase is seen below 450°C. It is also shown that the detrimental effect of the oxide cap layer can be dramatically reduced by giving samples a fluorine implant prior to the MILC anneal. Raman spectroscopy shows that random grain growth is significantly less for unimplanted samples without an oxide cap and also for fluorine implanted samples both with and without an oxide cap. The crystallization length improvement for samples without an oxide cap layer is explained by the elimination of random grain crystallization at the interface between the amorphous silicon and the oxide cap layer

Study of fluorine behaviour in silicon by selective point defect injection

This letter reports a point defect injection study of 185 keV 2.3x1015cm?2 fluorine implanted silicon. After an inert anneal at 1000°C, fluorine peaks are seen at depths of 0.3Rp and Rp and a shoulder between 0.5–0.7Rp. The shallow peak (at 0.3Rp) is significantly smaller under interstitial injection than under both inert and vacancy injection conditions. For a longer anneal under interstitial injection, both the shallow peak and the shoulder are eliminated. These results support earlier work suggesting that the shallow fluorine peak is due to vacancy-fluorine clusters which are responsible for suppression of boron thermal diffusion in silicon. The elimination of the shallow fluorine peak and the shoulder is explained by the annihilation of vacancies in the clusters with injected interstitials

Technical Bulletins: Conducting Effective Roadblocks (2010)

Roadblocks should be conducted in such a manner that will sustain the prosecution of charges brought against persons arrested in the operation

Technical Bulletins: Administrative Inspection Warrants (2010)

This publication interprets and explains the statutory administrative inspection warrant process for code enforcement at the municipal level

Technical Bulletins: Open Meetings in Tennessee: Compliance with the Public Meetings Law

The Tennessee Public Meetings Law declares that all public policy and public business decisions must be made in meetings that are open to the public and requires adequate public notice and thorough minutes of such meetings

Open Meetings in Tennessee: Compliance with the Public Meetings Law (2009)

The Tennessee Public Meetings Law declares that all public policy and public business decisions must be made in meetings that are open to the public and requires adequate public notice and thorough minutes of such meetings

A Study Into Life Modelling for Elastomeric Tubes

The performance of a tube within a peristaltic pump is as a result of complex interactions between material, the process used to produce the tube, the pump it is in and the environment to which it is subjected. This research examines a possible methodology for the development of life modeling for elastomeric tubes used in peristaltic pumps. It is shown that predicting life within a peristaltic pump is a complex process but that the ability to predict the life cycle of the tube can be enhanced through material and process understanding and innovation. A systematic approach is detailed for the analysis of a tube life cycle from raw material through to failure. This tube life cycle could be used as the basis of a life modeling algorithm, a conceptual design for this is suggested. Using two materials highlighted as important to the peristaltic pump industry, detailed tube life analysis is carried out to show how the methodology can be implemented. The approach suggests key indicators that can be used to identify material characteristics which influence the life of a tube. This is shown for the two materials studied and how they differ from material to material. Extrusion methods for each of the materials is analysed in some detail and changes to, or controls for, the extrusion process to produce tubing are put forward. It is suggested that this will produce tubing which will perform more consistently within a peristaltic pump. This consistency of performance is put forward as a key facilitator for life modeling. Environmental factors which influence life are identified; with system pressure and temperature being the most influential on life. The way all the factors identified interact is discussed. From the identification of these factors appropriate sensor inputs are put forward which will enable them to be monitored and used within an algorithm