Characteristics of Radiogenic Heat Production of Widely Distributed Granitoids in Western Sichuan, Southeast Tibetan Plateau

AbstractInvestigating the genesis of geothermal resources requires a thorough understanding of the heat source mechanism, which is also a vital basis for the efficient exploration and utilization of geothermal resources. Situated in the eastern Himalayan syntax, western Sichuan is considered to be one of the main concentration regions of high-temperature geothermal resources in China. To date, various studies have been carried out to reveal the heat source and genesis of the abundant high-temperature resources in this area; however, studies on the contribution of the radioactive heat generated by the widely distributed granitoids to the high-temperature geothermal resources remain scarce. In order to resolve this knowledge gap, we attempted to obtain evidence from the geochemical data published in the literature in the past few decades. A total of 548 radiogenic heat production rate data were determined. The statistical data indicate that the average concentrations of the heat-producing elements U, Th, and K are 6.09±5.22 ppm, 26.74±16.78 ppm, and 3.51±0.82%, respectively. The calculated heat production values of the granitoids vary from 0.52 to 10.86 μW/m3, yielding an arithmetic average value of 3.74±2.15 μW/m3, which is higher than that of global Mesozoic–Cenozoic granites (3.09±1.62 μW/m3). Based on the heat production values, the capacity of the granitic batholiths to store heat was assessed, and the Dongcuo pluton was found to be the largest heat reservoir (382.88×1013 J/a). The distribution of the crustal heat flow was examined using the calculated heat production data and the stratigraphic structure obtained via deep seismic sounding in the study area. The results indicate that the crustal heat flow is 48.3–56.2 mW/m2, which is mainly contributed by the radioactive decay in the granitoids in the upper crust. The fact that it accounts for nearly half of the regional background heat flow indicates that the radiogenic heat from the granitoids is an important heat source for the formation of the thermal anomaly and the high-temperature geothermal resources in the study area. Thus, the results obtained in this study highlight the importance of the widely distributed granitoids to high-temperature geothermal resources in western Sichuan

Late Cretaceous–earliest Paleogene deformation in the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt, eastern Tibetan Plateau margin: pre-Cenozoic thickened crust?

This study presents structural and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data from the southern part of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt that forms the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Investigations focused on hinterland ductile top-to-the-WNW shear deformation, which has been linked previously to late Cenozoic lower crustal flow. Consistent with previous studies, the sense of deformation is mapped as top-to-the-WNW in the Longmen Shan hinterland. The timing of the deformation is constrained by 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data of recrystallized minerals aligned along the shear foliation as Late Cretaceous–earliest Paleogene, thus predating the inferred late Cenozoic crustal flow. This deformation is contemporaneous with SE verging thrusting and loading along the Longmen Shan front, which formed a coeval ~2–3 km thick foredeep sequence along the southwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin. In the context of the regional geology, this tectonic configuration could result from either extrusion of a crustal wedge or back thrust in a duplex. Compared to other orogens, where similar crustal configurations have been reported, it is speculated that the eastern Tibetan Plateau margin acquired thickened crust and highly elevated topography in Late Cretaceous–earliest Paleogene time

COMPARISON OF THE UPTAKE OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES BY SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE DEVICES AND CAGED FISH (CARASSIUS CARASSIUS) IN TAIHU LAKE, CHINA

Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides-(OCPs) by triolein-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and by crucian carp (Carassius carassius) was studied in Taihu Lake, a shallow, freshwater lake in China. Crucian carp and SPMDs were deployed side by side for 32 d. The first-order uptake rate constants of individual PAHs and OCPs for the, two matrices were calculated and compared to relate the amounts of chemicals accumulated by the matrices to dissolved water concentrations. On a wet-weight basis, total concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in crucian carp fillets averaged 49.5 and 13.6 ng/g, respectively, after the 32-d exposure, whereas concentrations in whole SPMDs averaged 716.9 and 62.3 ng/g, respectively. The uptake rate constants of PAHs and OCPs by SPMDs averaged seven- and fivefold higher, respectively, than those for crucian carp; however, the patterns of uptake rate constants derived from test chemical concentrations in the crucian carp and SPMDs were similar. Although equilibrium was not reached for some PAHs and OCPs during the 32-d exposure period, a reasonably good correlation between the concentration factors (CFs) and octanol/water partition coefficient (K-OW) values of PAHs and OCPs in SPMDs (r = 0.86, p < 0.001) was observed when potential sorption to dissolved organic carbon was taken into account. Similar efforts to correlate the CFs and K-OW values of PAHs and OCPs in crucian carp (r = 0.75, p < 0.001) were less successful, likely because of PAH metabolism by finfish. Overall, the present results suggest that SPMDs may serve as a surrogate for contaminant monitoring with fish in freshwater lake environments

Function and Global Regulation of Type III Secretion System and Flagella in Entomopathogenic Nematode Symbiotic Bacteria

Currently, it is widely accepted that the type III secretion system (T3SS) serves as the transport platform for bacterial virulence factors, while flagella act as propulsion motors. However, there remains a noticeable dearth of comparative studies elucidating the functional disparities between these two mechanisms. Entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria (ENS), including Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, are Gram-negative bacteria transported into insect hosts by Steinernema or Heterorhabdus. Flagella are conserved in ENS, but the T3SS is only encoded in Photorhabdus. There are few reports on the function of flagella and the T3SS in ENS, and it is not known what role they play in the infection of ENS. Here, we clarified the function of the T3SS and flagella in ENS infection based on flagellar inactivation in X. stockiae (flhDC deletion), T3SS inactivation in P. luminescens (sctV deletion), and the heterologous synthesis of the T3SS of P. luminescens in X. stockiae. Consistent with the previous results, the swarming movement of the ENS and the formation of biofilms are dominated by the flagella. Both the T3SS and flagella facilitate ENS invasion and colonization within host cells, with minimal impact on secondary metabolite formation and secretion. Unexpectedly, a proteomic analysis reveals a negative feedback loop between the flagella/T3SS assembly and the type VI secretion system (T6SS). RT-PCR testing demonstrates the T3SS’s inhibition of flagellar assembly, while flagellin expression promotes T3SS assembly. Furthermore, T3SS expression stimulates ribosome-associated protein expression