Syntheses, characterization of and studies on the electrochemical behaviour of ferrocenyl dithiophosphonates and 4-methoxyphenyl dithiophosphonates

<p>Some 1,3-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides (X₂P₂S₄, X: Fc, FcLR; X: CH₃O‒C₆H₄‒, LR) were allowed to react with alcohols to obtain dithiophosphonic acids (X(OR)PS₂H). These were converted to the corresponding ammonium salts. The salts were of the structures [Fc(OR)PS₂]⁻[NH₄]⁺, R: 3-methyl-1-butyl- for <b>I</b>; 1-phenyl-1-propyl- for <b>II</b>; 3-pentyl- for <b>III</b>; 3-phenyl-1-propyl- for <b>IV</b> and [CH₃O‒C₆H₄(OR)PS₂]⁻[NH₄]⁺, R: 3-methyl-1-butyl- for <b>V</b> and 1-phenyl-1-propyl- for <b>VI</b>. To the best of our knowledge, all the compounds except <b>V</b> were prepared for the first time.</p> <p>The compounds synthesized were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR (¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P), MS, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopies. Electrochemical behaviors of <b>I–VI</b> at disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Adsorption and diffusion patterns of all the compounds on the PGE were also studied.</p> <p>Two electroactive groups were identified in the compounds <b>I–IV</b> and only one in <b>V</b> and <b>VI</b>. The ferrocenyl groups of <b>I-IV</b> were oxidized at around 0.4 V. The same compounds display a second, more intense CV band at 0.8 V. The corresponding band for the compounds <b>V–VI</b> appears at around 0.6 V with a much weaker intensity. It is suggested that the ferrocenyl group introduced into the structures stabilizes the radical species formed as the product of the oxidation of the dithiophosphonato group.</p

The prevalence of childhood psychopathology in Turkey: a cross-sectional multicenter nationwide study (EPICPAT-T)

Conclusion: This is the largest and most comprehensive epidemiological study to determine the prevalence of psychopathologies in children and adolescents in Turkey. Our results partly higher than, and partly comparable to previous national and international studies. It also contributes to the literature by determining the independent predictors of psychopathologies in this age group

The prevalence of childhood psychopathology in Turkey: a cross-sectional multicenter nationwide study (EPICPAT-T).

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of childhood psychopathologies in Turkey

Prevalence of Childhood Affective disorders in Turkey: An epidemiological study

Aim: To determine the prevalence of affective disorders in Turkey among a representative sample of Turkish population. Methods: This study was conducted as a part of the "The Epidemiology of Childhood Psychopathology in Turkey" (EPICPAT-T) Study, which was designed by the Turkish Association of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. The inclusion criterion was being a student between the second and fourth grades in the schools assigned as study centers. The assessment tools used were the K-SADS-PL, and a sociodemographic form that was designed by the authors. Impairment was assessed via a 3 point-Likert type scale independently rated by a parent and a teacher. Results: A total of 5842 participants were included in the analyses. The prevalence of affective disorders was 2.5 % without considering impairment and 1.6 % when impairment was taken into account. In our sample, the diagnosis of bipolar disorder was lacking, thus depressive disorders constituted all the cases. Among depressive disorders with impairment, major depressive disorder (MDD) (prevalence of 1.06%) was the most common, followed by dysthymia (prevalence of 0.2%), adjustment disorder with depressive features (prevalence of 0.17%), and depressive disorder-NOS (prevalence of 0.14%). There were no statistically significant gender differences for depression. Maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness were predictors of affective disorders with pervasive impairment. Conclusion: MDD was the most common depressive disorder among Turkish children in this nationwide epidemiological study. This highlights the severe nature of depression and the importance of early interventions. Populations with maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness may be the most appropriate targets for interventions to prevent and treat depression in children and adolescents