Hochaufgelöste Proton magische Winkel kernmagnetische Resonanz von Wasser absorbiert in kohlenstoff- einwandigen Nanoröhrchen- Nanophysik studie

Hochaufgelöste Magisch-Winkel-Rotation Protonen Kernspinresonanz Studie von Wasser absorbiert in einwandigen kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen Nano-Physik StudieSummary Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have attracted scientific interest because of their fascinating physical and chemical properties and for their application in materials physics and the chemical industry. The main topic of this Nano-Physics study is the investigation of the properties of water in carbon nanotubes, at different temperatures and at different concentrations of water by using the proton Magic Angle Spinning solid state nuclear magnetic resonance technique. Also the influence of metal clusters, which exist near the carbon nanotubes as a result of the synthesis, is investigated. From the Nuclear magnetic Resonance investigations on water in single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), as described in this thesis, we can draw the following conclusions: • Water is not absorbed inside SWCNTs, synthesized by the HiPCO method with a Fe catalyst, without further purification. The only water that is sorbed by the sample is water adsorbed at the outside of the nanotubes with a chemical shift of 4.6 – 4.8 ppm. • Acid treatment removes the Fe clusters. After this treatment two water signals are detected, at 4.6 – 4.8 ppm and at 1.3 ppm. • Temperature dependent solid state NMR spectra show that the water which is responsible for the 1.3 ppm line freezes at a temperature much lower than the freezing point of bulk water. This water is assigned to water absorbed inside the nanotubes. • The NMR spectra as a function of the amount of water added to the SWCNT sample shows that the first water that is added to the sample, is absorbed in the tubes. In spite of the hydrophobicity of the inside of the carbon nanotubes water is absorbed due to the water surface tension. • The investigated sample contains SWCNTs with diameters ranging from 0.9 to 1.1 nm and different chiralities. Also from theory it is expected that the tubes can be divided in metallic and semi-conducting tubes. Nevertheless the diameter range, the chirality and the conductivity of the tubes seem to have no effect on the chemical shift of absorbed water. • A simple model calculation using the ring current contribution of each benzene ring of the SWCNT to the chemical shift of water located at the centre axis of the tube yields a water chemical shift value very close to the experimental value of 1.3 ppm

Microstructural and Compositional Characterization of Roman Bronze Coins from Khirbat Edh-Dharih in Jordan

This study aimed at investigating the chemical and mineralogical compositions of five Roman coins (four copper-based and one silver-based alloys) corrosion products, and explore the topographic and morphological microscopic features of the patinas formed on the surface of the copper-based coins. For this purpose, an interdisciplinary approach to micro-destructive methods—microscopic (OM and SEM), mineralogical (XRD), elemental (XRF and SEM-EDX), and molecular (ATR-FTIR)—was conducted. The results showed that cuprite is the principle patina initially formed on the surface of the copper-based alloys by the redundant interaction with the surrounding environmental burial conditions, which is most likely an oxygenated and moisturized soil. This interaction was also observed in the formation of a secondary patina composed of malachite and azurite, which lately was invaded by the corrosive cycle process (bronze disease) represented by the formation of nantokite, atacamite and paratacamite that affected the cuprite primary patina of the copper-based coins during burial. The silver-based coin also suffered an aggressive attack by oxygen, sulfur and chloride ions during burial and formed oxide, sulfide, and chloride of silver, in addition to the corrosion products of cuprite, atacamite, and carbonate of copper, which is one of the alloying elements of this coin. The findings of this study also show that the copper-based coins were made of quaternary Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb alloy, and the silver-based coin was made of ternary Ag-Cu-Sn alloy. Therefore, the study points out that these coins were suffering from the corrosion phenomenon by the reaction with oxide, sulfide, carbonate, hydroxyl, and chloride ions, which are most likely found in the burial soil and incorporated within the alloy corrosion products. Contamination with Si, Fe, Al, and Ca elements present in the soil was also seen. We recommend protecting these alloys to prevent further degradation that may occur during storage and exposure to the atmosphere after excavation

Dating archaeological copper using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Comparison with voltammetry of microparticles dating

[EN] A methodology for dating copper/bronze archaeological objects aged under atmospheric environments using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is described. The method is based on the measurement of resistance associated to the growth of corrosion layers in EIS recorded upon immersion of the pieces in mineral water and applying a bias potential for the reduction of dissolved oxygen. Theoretical expressions for the time variation of such resistance following a potential rate law are presented. Equivalent expressions are derived and applied for estimating the variation of the tenorite/cuprite ratio from their specific voltammetric signals using voltammetry of microparticles data. Calibration curves were constructed from a set of well-documented coins.Financial support from the MEC Projects CTQ2011-28079-CO3-01 and 02 and CTQ2014-53736-C3-2-P which are supported with ERDF funds is gratefully acknowledged.Domenech Carbo, A.; Capelo, S.; Piquero-Cilla, J.; Domenech Carbo, MT.; Barrio, J.; Fuentes, A.; Al Sekhaneh, W. (2016). Dating archaeological copper using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Comparison with voltammetry of microparticles dating. Materials and Corrosion. 67(2):120-129. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201408048S120129672Friedman, I., & Smith, R. L. (1960). Part I, The Development of the Method. American Antiquity, 25(4), 476-493. doi:10.2307/276634Reich, S., Leitus, G., & Shalev, S. (2003). Measurement of corrosion content of archaeological lead artifacts by their Meissner response in the superconducting state; a new dating method. New Journal of Physics, 5, 99-99. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/5/1/399Scholz, F., Schröder, U., Meyer, S., Brainina, K. Z., Zakhachuk, N. F., Sobolev, N. V., & Kozmenko, O. A. (1995). The electrochemical response of radiation defects of non-conducting materials An electrochemical access to age determinations. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 385(1), 139-142. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(94)03840-yDoménech-Carbó, A., Labuda, J., & Scholz, F. (2012). Electroanalytical chemistry for the analysis of solids: Characterization and classification (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 85(3), 609-631. doi:10.1351/pac-rep-11-11-13Doménech-Carbó, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., & Costa, V. (Eds.). (2009). Electrochemical Methods in Archaeometry, Conservation and Restoration. Monographs in Electrochemistry. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92868-3Doménech-Carbó, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., & Peiró-Ronda, M. A. (2011). Dating Archeological Lead Artifacts from Measurement of the Corrosion Content Using the Voltammetry of Microparticles. Analytical Chemistry, 83(14), 5639-5644. doi:10.1021/ac200731qDoménech-Carbó, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., Capelo, S., Pasíes, T., & Martínez-Lázaro, I. (2014). Dating Archaeological Copper/Bronze Artifacts by Using the Voltammetry of Microparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 53(35), 9262-9266. doi:10.1002/anie.201404522Benarie, M., & Lipfert, F. L. (1986). A general corrosion function in terms of atmospheric pollutant concentrations and rain pH. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 20(10), 1947-1958. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(86)90336-7Strandberg, H. (1998). Reactions of copper patina compounds—II. influence of sodium chloride in the presence of some air pollutants. Atmospheric Environment, 32(20), 3521-3526. doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00058-2Cano, E., Lafuente, D., & Bastidas, D. M. (2009). Use of EIS for the evaluation of the protective properties of coatings for metallic cultural heritage: a review. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14(3), 381-391. doi:10.1007/s10008-009-0902-6Hernandez-Escampa, M., Gonzalez, J., & Uruchurtu-Chavarin, J. (2009). Electrochemical assessment of the restoration and conservation of a heavily corroded archaeological iron artifact. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 40(2), 345-356. doi:10.1007/s10800-009-0003-3Angelini, E., Grassini, S., Parvis, M., & Zucchi, F. (2011). An in situ investigation of the corrosion behaviour of a weathering steel work of art. Surface and Interface Analysis, 44(8), 942-946. doi:10.1002/sia.3842Grassini, S., Angelini, E., Parvis, M., Bouchar, M., Dillmann, P., & Neff, D. (2013). An in situ corrosion study of Middle Ages wrought iron bar chains in the Amiens Cathedral. Applied Physics A, 113(4), 971-979. doi:10.1007/s00339-013-7724-1Doménech-Carbó, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., Peiró-Ronda, M. A., Martínez-Lázaro, I., & Barrio-Martín, J. (2012). Application of the voltammetry of microparticles for dating archaeological lead using polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 16(7), 2349-2356. doi:10.1007/s10008-012-1668-9Degrigny, C., Guibert, G., Ramseyer, S., Rapp, G., & Tarchini, A. (2009). Use of E corr vs time plots for the qualitative analysis of metallic elements from scientific and technical objects: the SPAMT Test Project. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14(3), 425-435. doi:10.1007/s10008-009-0890-6Souissi, N., Bousselmi, L., Khosrof, S., & Triki, E. (2004). Voltammetric behaviour of an archeaological bronze alloy in aqueous chloride media. Materials and Corrosion, 55(4), 284-292. doi:10.1002/maco.200303719Souissi, N., Triki, E., Bousselmi, L., & Khosrof, S. (2006). Comparaison between archaeological and artificially aged bronze interfaces. Materials and Corrosion, 57(10), 794-799. doi:10.1002/maco.200503974Souissi, N., & Triki, E. (2009). Characterization of ethnographic copper corrosion. Materials and Corrosion, 60(4), 262-268. doi:10.1002/maco.200805068Mata, A. L., Salta, M. M. L., Neto, M. M. M., Mendonça, M. H., & Fonseca, I. T. E. (2010). Characterization of two Roman coins from an archaeological site in Portugal. Materials and Corrosion, 61(3), 205-210. doi:10.1002/maco.200905284Feliu, S., Morcillo, M., & Feliu, S. (1993). The prediction of atmospheric corrosion from meteorological and pollution parameters—II. Long-term forecasts. Corrosion Science, 34(3), 415-422. doi:10.1016/0010-938x(93)90113-uSpence, J. W., Haynie, F. H., Lipfert, F. W., Cramer, S. D., & McDonald, L. G. (1992). Atmospheric Corrosion Model for Galvanized Steel Structures. CORROSION, 48(12), 1009-1019. doi:10.5006/1.3315903Bhattacharjee, S., Roy, N., Dey, A. K., & Banerjee, M. K. (1993). Statistical appraisal of the atmospheric corrosion of mild steel. Corrosion Science, 34(4), 573-581. doi:10.1016/0010-938x(93)90273-jKobus, J. (2000). Long-term atmospheric corrosion monitoring. Materials and Corrosion, 51(2), 104-108. doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4176(200002)51:23.0.co;2-vBalasubramaniam, R., Laha, T., & Srivastava, A. (2004). Long term corrosion behaviour of copper in soil: A study of archaeological analogues. Materials and Corrosion, 55(3), 194-202. doi:10.1002/maco.200303723Natesan, M., Venkatachari, G., & Palaniswamy, N. (2006). Kinetics of atmospheric corrosion of mild steel, zinc, galvanized iron and aluminium at 10 exposure stations in India. Corrosion Science, 48(11), 3584-3608. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2006.02.006Doménech, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., Pasies, T., & del Carmen Bouzas, M. (2012). Modeling Corrosion of Archaeological Silver-Copper Coins Using the Voltammetry of Immobilized Particles. Electroanalysis, 24(10), 1945-1955. doi:10.1002/elan.201200252Rosas-Camacho, O., Uquidi-Macdonald, M., & Macdonald, D. D. (2009). Deterministic Modeling of the Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel by Dissolved Carbon Dioxide and the Effect of Acetic Acid. I-Effect of Carbon Dioxide. doi:10.1149/1.3259806Macdonald, D., & Englehardt, G. (2010). The Point Defect Model for Bi-Layer Passive Films. doi:10.1149/1.3496427Sharifi-Asl, S., Taylor, M. L., Lu, Z., Engelhardt, G. R., Kursten, B., & Macdonald, D. D. (2013). Modeling of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopic behavior of passive iron using a genetic algorithm approach. Electrochimica Acta, 102, 161-173. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.143Macdonald, D. D. (2011). The history of the Point Defect Model for the passive state: A brief review of film growth aspects. Electrochimica Acta, 56(4), 1761-1772. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.005Doménech-Carbó, A., Lastras, M., Rodríguez, F., Cano, E., Piquero-Cilla, J., & Osete-Cortina, L. (2013). Monitoring stabilizing procedures of archaeological iron using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 18(2), 399-409. doi:10.1007/s10008-013-2232-yBlum, D., Leyffer, W., & Holze, R. (1996). Pencil-Leads as new electrodes for abrasive stripping voltammetry. Electroanalysis, 8(3), 296-297. doi:10.1002/elan.1140080317Doménech-Carbó, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., & Peiró-Ronda, Mªa. (2011). ‘One-Touch’ Voltammetry of Microparticles for the Identification of Corrosion Products in Archaeological Lead. Electroanalysis, 23(6), 1391-1400. doi:10.1002/elan.201000739Nair, M. T. ., Guerrero, L., Arenas, O. L., & Nair, P. . (1999). Chemically deposited copper oxide thin films: structural, optical and electrical characteristics. Applied Surface Science, 150(1-4), 143-151. doi:10.1016/s0169-4332(99)00239-1Scott, D. A. (1997). Copper compounds in metals and colorants: oxides and hydroxides. Studies in Conservation, 42(2), 93-100. doi:10.1179/sic.1997.42.2.93Doménech, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., & Martínez-Lázaro, I. (2010). Layer-by-layer identification of copper alteration products in metallic works of art using the voltammetry of microparticles. Analytica Chimica Acta, 680(1-2), 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.002Doménech, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., Pasies, T., & Bouzas, M. C. (2011). Application of Modified Tafel Analysis to the Identification of Corrosion Products on Archaeological Metals Using Voltammetry of Microparticles. Electroanalysis, 23(12), 2803-2812. doi:10.1002/elan.201100577Li, W. S., Cai, S. Q., & Luo, J. L. (2004). Chronopotentiometric Responses and Capacitance Behaviors of Passive Film Formed on Iron in Borate Buffer Solution. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 151(4), B220. doi:10.1149/1.1667521Liu, W., Zhang, H., Qu, Z., Zhang, Y., & Li, J. (2009). Corrosion behavior of the steel used as a huge storage tank in seawater. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14(6), 965-973. doi:10.1007/s10008-009-0886-2Toledo-Matos, L. A., & Pech-Canul, M. A. (2010). Evolution of an iron passive film in a borate buffer solution (pH 8.4). Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 15(9), 1927-1934. doi:10.1007/s10008-010-1213-7Park, J.-J., & Pyun, S.-I. (2003). Analysis of impedance spectra of a pitted Inconel alloy 600 electrode in chloride ion-containing thiosulfate solution at temperatures of 298–573 K. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 7(6), 380-388. doi:10.1007/s10008-002-0346-8Ibrahim, M. A., Pongkao, D., & Yoshimura, M. (2001). The electrochemical behavior and characterization of the anodic oxide film formed on titanium in NaOH solutions. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 6(5), 341-350. doi:10.1007/s100080100229Xia, Z., Nanjo, H., Aizawa, T., Kanakubo, M., Fujimura, M., & Onagawa, J. (2007). Growth process of atomically flat anodic films on titanium under potentiostatical electrochemical treatment in H2SO4 solution. Surface Science, 601(22), 5133-5141. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2007.04.211Acevedo-Peña, P., Vázquez, G., Laverde, D., Pedraza-Rosas, J. E., & González, I. (2009). Influence of structural transformations over the electrochemical behavior of Ti anodic films grown in 0.1 M NaOH. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14(5), 757-767. doi:10.1007/s10008-009-0838-xFabregat-Santiago, F., Bisquert, J., Garcia-Belmonte, G., Boschloo, G., & Hagfeldt, A. (2005). Influence of electrolyte in transport and recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells studied by impedance spectroscopy. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 87(1-4), 117-131. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2004.07.017Rubinstein, I. (1987). Electrochemical Impedance Analysis of Polyaniline Films on Electrodes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 134(12), 3078. doi:10.1149/1.2100343Lee, S.-J., & Pyun, S.-I. (2006). Assessment of corrosion resistance of surface-coated galvanized steel by analysis of the AC impedance spectra measured on the salt-spray-tested specimen. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 11(6), 829-839. doi:10.1007/s10008-006-0229-5Doménech, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., & Edwards, H. G. M. (2008). Quantitation from Tafel Analysis in Solid-State Voltammetry. Application to the Study of Cobalt and Copper Pigments in Severely Damaged Frescoes. Analytical Chemistry, 80(8), 2704-2716. doi:10.1021/ac7024333Mora, N., Cano, E., Polo, J. L., Puente, J. M., & Bastidas, J. M. (2004). Corrosion protection properties of cerium layers formed on tinplate. Corrosion Science, 46(3), 563-578. doi:10.1016/s0010-938x(03)00171-9Bastidas, J. M., Polo, J. L., Cano, E., Torres, C. L., & Mora, N. (2000). Localised corrosion of highly alloyed stainless steels in an ammonium chloride and diethylamine chloride aqueous solution. 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Characterizing archaeological bronze corrosion products intersecting electrochemical impedance measurements with voltammetry of immobilized particles

[EN] Application of electrochemical impedance measurements to microparticulate deposits of copper corrosion products attached to graphite electrodes in contact with 0.10 M aqueous HClO4 electrolyte is described. The impedance measurements were sensitive to the applied potential and the amount of solid sample and were modeled taking into account the contribution of the uncovered base electrode. Several pairs of circuit elements provide monotonic variations which are able to characterize different corrosion compounds regardless the amount of microparticulate solid on the electrode. Application to a set of archaeological samples from the archaeological Roman site of Gadara (Jordan, 4th century AD) permitted to establish a grouping of such samples suggesting different provenances/manufacturing techniques.Financial support from the MINECO ProjectsCTQ2014-53736-C3-1-P and CTQ2014-53736-C3-2-P which are also supported with ERDF funds and Grants ES-2012-052716 and EEBB-I-16-11558 is gratefully acknowledgedRedondo-Marugan, J.; Piquero-Cilla, J.; Domenech Carbo, MT.; Ramírez-Barat, B.; Al Sekhaneh, W.; Capelo, S.; Doménech Carbó, A. (2017). Characterizing archaeological bronze corrosion products intersecting electrochemical impedance measurements with voltammetry of immobilized particles. Electrochimica Acta. 246:269-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.190S26927924

In Situ NMR Spectroscopy of Supercapacitors: Insight into the Charge Storage Mechanism

Electrochemical capacitors, commonly known as supercapacitors, are important energy storage devices with high power capabilities and long cycle lives. Here we report the development and application of in situ nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) methodologies to study changes at the electrode−electrolyte interface in working devices as they charge and discharge. For a supercapacitor comprising activated carbon electrodes and an organic electrolyte, NMR experiments carried out at different charge states allow quantification of the number of charge storing species and show that there are at least two distinct charge storage regimes. At cell voltages below 0.75 V, electrolyte anions are increasingly desorbed from the carbon micropores at the negative electrode, while at the positive electrode there is little change in the number of anions that are adsorbed as the voltage is increased. However, above a cell voltage of 0.75 V, dramatic increases in the amount of adsorbed anions in the positive electrode are observed while anions continue to be desorbed at the negative electrode. NMR experiments with simultaneous cyclic voltammetry show that supercapacitor charging causes marked changes to the local environments of charge storing species, with periodic changes of their chemical shift observed. NMR calculations on a model carbon fragment show that the addition and removal of electrons from a delocalized system should lead to considerable increases in the nucleus-independent chemical shift of nearby species, in agreement with our experimental observations

CHARACTERIZATION AND DATING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATED HUMAN BONE FROM JORDAN BY HIGH-RESOLUTION 31P AND 14C NMR AND FOURIER TRANSFORMATION INFRARED

Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SS-NMR) and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transformation Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy have excellent measurement performance for both organic and inorganic parts of bone or dental dentin. Solid-State Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SS-MAS-NMR) spectroscopy is an effective and constructive method for classifying samples, whether they are new or old. The objectives of this study include finding a new method for dating bone by SS-MAS-NMR and ATR-FTIR studies of old bone, supported by absolute dating of radioactive carbon isotopes. The specific objectives can be addressed by measuring the decomposition factor of the organic fraction in ancient bones and dentin in modern teeth, which are most similar to bones in terms of chemical composition, to arrive at a new time formula for the dating method. Eight old samples and one fresh tooth sample were taken for comparison. The method studied will be established as a new tool for characterizing ancient bone samples and detecting hydroxyl in bone minerals by SS-MAS-NMR

Deterioration and conservation of an archaeological Byzantine lead sarcophagus from Jerash, Jordan

The research looks at a Byzantine sarcophagus made of lead, found in Jerash (Gerasa), Jordan, kept in the warehouse of the Jerash Museum under No.1824. The sarcophagus was exposed to unsuitable storage conditions that caused severe damage. Examination by optical stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope revealed that the sarcophagus suffered from various deterioration phenomena, for example, the presence of corrosion layers, folds and various cracks. The analysis of the sarcophagus by the EDX unit attached to a scanning electron microscope and x-ray fluorescence, showed that it contained 98% lead, in addition to a very small percentage of other elements such as iron, aluminum, sodium, silicon, and carbon. Analysis by X-ray diffraction revealed that the sarcophagus also contained minerals, which included Graphite (C), Lead (Pb), Litharge (PbO), Cerussite PbCO3, Hydrocerussite 2PbCO3.Pb (OH)2. The treatment, restoration, and maintenance stages of the lead sarcophagus were then carried out and were followed by mechanical and chemical cleaning and straightening of the deformed areas. The missing parts were also integrated, and the four sides of the sarcophagus were assembled using plexiglass as a support material. Treatment with a benzotriazole solution in ethanol with a concentration of 5%, and with Paraloid B72, also with a concentration of 5% were carried out (coating). The sarcophagus cover was also completely repaired. After completion of the treatment, restoration, and conservation processes of the sarcophagus, a transparent glass cabinet of 1 cm thick was designed for its display inside the Jerash Museum in an environment with a relative humidity of 25-30% and temperature of 20-22 °C.La ricerca prende in esame un sarcofago bizantino in piombo, rinvenuto a Jerash (Gerasa), in Giordania, conservato nel magazzino del Museo di Jerash con il n. 1824. Il sarcofago è stato esposto a condizioni di conservazione non idonee che hanno causato gravi danni. L’esame allo stereomicroscopio ottico e al microscopio elettronico a scansione ha rivelato che il sarcofago soffriva di vari fenomeni di deterioramento, ad esempio erano presenti strati di corrosione, pieghe e crepe varie. L’analisi del sarcofago da parte dell’unità EDX collegata a un microscopio elettronico a scansione e fluorescenza a raggi X, ha mostrato che conteneva il 98% di piombo, oltre a una piccolissima percentuale di altri elementi come ferro, alluminio, sodio, silicio e carbonio. L’analisi mediante diffrazione di raggi X ha rivelato che il sarcofago conteneva anche minerali, che includevano grafite (C), piombo (Pb), litargio (PbO), cerussite PbCO3, idrocerussite 2PbCO3.Pb (OH)2. Sono state quindi eseguite le fasi di restauro e manutenzione del sarcofago in piombo, seguite da pulitura meccanica e chimica e raddrizzatura delle zone deformate. Sono state integrate anche le parti mancanti e i quattro lati del sarcofago sono stati assemblati utilizzando il plexiglass come materiale di supporto. Sono stati effettuati trattamenti con una soluzione di benzotriazolo in etanolo alla concentrazione del 5%, e con Paraloid B72, anch’esso alla concentrazione del 5% (coating). Anche la copertura del sarcofago è stata completamente restaurata. Al termine degli interventi di restauro e conservazione del sarcofago, è stata progettata una teca in vetro trasparente dello spessore di 1 cm per la sua esposizione, all’interno del Museo di Jerash, in un ambiente con umidità relativa del 25-30% e temperatura di 20-22 °C