Modelamiento de las estructuras criminales del mercado de drogas ilícitas en Colombia para evaluar el impacto de políticas públicas

El cambio a gran escala de la cantidad de hectáreas de coca en Colombia es uno de los cambios estructurales más importantes en la región andina. De una modesta producción local, la industria de cultivos de coca nacional pasó, en el lapso de cinco años, a autoabastecerse y a suplir el mercado regional. El propósito de esta tesis es explicar la dinámica de este cambio a partir del uso de un modelo de dinámica de sistemas. El trabajo encuentra que la destrucción de los grandes carteles posibilitó un mercado local competitivo y eficiente que consideró más rentable el manejo de pequeños volúmenes fomentando los cultivos locales.Abstract: A large-scale expansion of the Colombian coca cultivation is one of the most revealing signs of a structural change in the illegal cocaine market in the Andean region. From being a modest and domestic production, in the space of five years Colombian coca cultivation supplied a competitive market, capable of substituting almost completely the foreign sources of supply. The purpose of this work is to explore the role and potential of System Dynamics (SD) as a modeling methodology to better understand the consequences of drug policy. Using an SD model, and elements from the economic theory of the criminal firm, our work shows how the formation of these small firms might significantly contribute to the configuring of a more competitive domestic coca industry (and hence to a more efficient crime industry).Doctorad

Diversidad genética y estructura poblacional de individuos de Manta birostris muestreados en la Isla de la Plata en las temporadas de los años 2010 al 2013

The giant manta ray, Manta birostris, is the largest manta ray species in the world. Its distribution covers all oceans and has long-distance migration patterns, occupying tropical and semi-temperate areas. M. birostris differs to its more resident sister species, Manta alfredi, which occupies coral reefs...La mantarraya gigante, Manta birostris, es la especie de mantarrayas más grande del mundo. Su distribución abarca todos los océanos y presenta patrones migratorios de largas distancias, ocupando áreas tropicales y semi-templadas, a diferencia de su especie hermana más residente Manta alfredi que ocupa arrecifes de coral..

Epidemiological profile of patients from the home hospitalization service of a level 3 institution in the Aburrá Valley, 2015

ABSTRACT: To describe the epidemiological profile of patients referred to the home hospitalization service by a level 3 institution in the Aburrá Valley, in 2015. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study of treated patients (n = 4956 patients and 109 032 records). The source of information corresponds to the 2015 database of the home care service of a level 3 institution in the Aburrá Valley. Distribution was determined by age, sex, type of pathology, spatial location and type of treatment management. Results: The service was provided mostly to women (55%) with ages between 50 and 90 years. Patients came mainly from socioeconomic strata 1, 2 and 3, belonging to the contributory regime. The four main pathologies are: skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases (CIE-10 L00-L99, 32%) associated with management of surgical wounds, genitourinary system diseases (CIE-10 N00-N99, 21%), respiratory diseases (CIE-10 J00-J99, 18%) and infectious and parasitic diseases (CIE-10 A00-B99, 7%). Conclusions: Home hospitalization in the Aburrá Valley focuses in the care of the elderly, especially women over 50, whose management plan involves the supply of antibiotics in the majority of cases. Keywords: health profile, prevalence, outpatient care, Colombia.RESUMEN: Describir el perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes remitidos al servicio de hospitalización domiciliaria por una institución de tercer nivel en el Valle de Aburrá, en 2015. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal de los pacientes atendidos (n = 4956 pacientes y 109 032 registros). La fuente de información corresponde a la base de datos del servicio de atención domiciliaria durante el año 2015 de una institución de nivel tres en el Valle de Aburrá. Se determinó la distribución por edad, sexo, tipo de patología, ubicación espacial y tipo de manejo del tratamiento. Resultados: El servicio se prestó en su mayoría a mujeres (55 %) cuya edad oscilaba entre los 50 y 90 años. Los pacientes provenían principalmente de los estratos 1, 2 y 3, pertenecientes al régimen contributivo. Las cuatro principales patologías son: enfermedades de la piel y el tejido subcutáneo (cie-10 L00-L99, 32 %) asociadas con el manejo de heridas quirúrgicas, enfermedades del aparato genitourinario (cie-10 N00-N99, 21 %), enfermedades respiratorias (cie-10 J00-J99, 18 %) y las enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias (cie-10 A00-B99, 7 %). Conclusiones: La hospitalización domiciliaria en el Valle de Aburrá se orienta hacia el cuidado del adulto mayor, en especial a mujeres mayores de 50 años, para las cuales, en su mayoría, su plan de manejo es mediante el suministro de antibióticos. Palabras clave: perfil de salud, prevalencia, atención ambulatoria, Colombia

Observatorio de las condiciones de salario y empleo de los egresados de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Antioquia al 2016

RESUMEN: La vida laboral del egresado es quizá uno de los elementos más importantes con los que cuenta la universidad para evaluar su impacto inmediato en la sociedad. Un egresado empleado y bien remunerado genera un efecto difícil de dimensionar, no sólo en sí mismo, sino en su núcleo más inmediato y en la sociedad en general. Su éxito en el mercado laboral valida las vías legítimas de movilidad social y contribuye a la formación del capital humano de la nación. El agradecimiento de un egresado satisfecho retorna a la universidad en forma de donaciones, oportunidades de empleo para otros egresados, extensión e investigación. También, y quizá más importante que las anteriores, en la confianza que los egresados tienen para que sus propios hijos adquieran la formación superior en la misma institución que sus padres

Estudio del clivaje valencianista y resultados de las elecciones autonómicas valencianas de 2019

La investigación analiza el clivaje valencianista de los programas electorales de los diferentes partidos políticos con representación en las elecciones autonómicas de la Comunidad Valenciana de 2019. Asimismo, selecciona los elementos fundamentales de ese clivaje en tres de ellos: preferencia por las instituciones valencianas, señas de identidad y otros issues, con el objetivo de hallar correlación entre este y los resultados electorales por provincias con la asignación de escaños en las Corts Valencianes.The research analyses the Valencianist cleavage of the electoral programmes of the different political parties represented in the autonomous elections of the Valencian Community in 2019. It also selects the fundamental elements of this cleavage in three of them: preference for Valencian institutions, identity signs and other issues, with the aim of fnding a correlation between this and the electoral results by provinces with the allocation of seats in Les Corts

Educación en Ingenierías: de las clases magistrales a la pedagogía del aprendizaje activo

In view of the needs of a changing world that demands the reinforcement of creative and innovative processes, engineering education becomes one of the most relevant issues for a nation pursuing its insertion and survival into knowledge society. In this respect, active learning methodologies are perceived as the most appropriate tools leading engineers to an educational environment that prepares them for the challenges faced by society. Our work is a review of the active learning methodologies frequently used by engineering colleges and their success like a sort of appropriate tools for inspiring motivation and creativity in student and teachers alike. Also, it finds that the implementation of active learning practices backed by technologies of information and communication has become in a recent source of good experiences and discoveries. The results of the implementation of some of them are presented.Ante las necesidades de un mundo cambiante que demanda el refuerzo de procesos creativos e innovadores, la formación de ingenieros se convierte en uno de los ejes estratégicos para una nación que quiera insertarse en la sociedad del conocimiento y potenciar su desarrollo. En este sentido, las metodologías activas de aprendizaje fungen como las herramientas más adecuadas para conducir al ingeniero de hoy a un entorno educativo que lo prepare para los retos que la sociedad actual enfrenta. Este trabajo es una revisión de literatura sobre las metodologías activas más comúnmente implementadas y su uso en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en ingenierías. Se encuentra que el uso de las metodologías activas y las TIC han resultado ser muy exitosas en la formación de ingenieros y se presentan resultados de la aplicación de algunas de ellas

Surveillance of Influenza Viruses in Waterfowl Used As Decoys in Andalusia, Spain

A longitudinal study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in waterfowl used as decoys in Andalusia, southern Spain. A total of 2319 aquatic birds from 193 flocks were analyzed before and after the hunting season 2011–2012. In the first sampling, 403 out of 2319 (18.0%, CI95%: 15.8–19.0) decoys showed antibodies against AIVs by ELISA. The AI seroprevalence was significantly higher in geese (21.0%) than in ducks (11.7%) (P,0.001). Besides, the spatial distribution of AIVs was not homogeneous as significant differences among regions were observed. The prevalence of antibodies against AIVs subtypes H5 and H7 were 1.1% and 0.3%, respectively, using hemagglutination inhibition test (HI). The overall and H5 seroprevalences slightly increased after the hunting period (to 19.2% and 1.4%, respectively), while the H7 seroprevalence remained at the same level (0.3%). The proportion of flocks infected by AIVs was 65.3%, while 11.2% and 4.9% of flocks were positive for H5 and H7, respectively. Viral shedding was not detected in any of the 47 samples positive by both ELISA and HI, tested by RRT-PCR. The individual incidence after the hunting season was 3.4%. The fact that 57 animals seroconverted, 15 of which were confirmed by HI (12 H5 and 3 H7), was indication of contact with AIVs during the hunting period. The results indicate that waterfowl used as decoys are frequently exposed to AIVs and may be potentially useful as sentinels for AIVs monitoring. The seroprevalence detected and the seropositivity against AIVs H5 and H7, suggest that decoys can act as reservoirs of AIVs, which may be of animal and public health concer

Health care and societal costs of the management of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Spain: a descriptive analysis

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition in childhood (5.3% to 7.1% worldwide prevalence), with substantial overall financial burden to children/adolescents, their families, and society. The aims of this study were to describe the clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with ADHD in Spain, estimate the associated direct/indirect costs of the disorder, and assess whether the characteristics and financial costs differed between children/adolescents adequately responding to currently available pharmacotherapies compared with children/adolescents for whom pharmacotherapies failed. Methods: This was a multicenter, cross-sectional, descriptive analysis conducted in 15 health units representative of the overall Spanish population. Data on demographic characteristics, socio-occupational status, social relationships, clinical variables of the disease, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments received were collected in 321 children and adolescents with ADHD. Direct and indirect costs were estimated over one year from both a health care system and a societal perspective. Results: The estimated average cost of ADHD per year per child/adolescent was €5733 in 2012 prices; direct costs accounted for 60.2% of the total costs (€3450). Support from a psychologist/educational psychologist represented 45.2% of direct costs and 27.2% of total costs. Pharmacotherapy accounted for 25.8% of direct costs and 15.5% of total costs. Among indirect costs (€2283), 65.2% was due to caregiver expenses. The total annual costs were significantly higher for children/adolescents who responded poorly to pharmacological treatment (€7654 versus €5517; P = 0.024), the difference being mainly due to significantly higher direct costs, particularly with larger expenses for non-pharmacological treatment (P = 0.012). Conclusions: ADHD has a significant personal, familial, and financial impact on the Spanish health system and society. Successful pharmacological intervention was associated with lower overall expenses in the management of the disorde