1,100 research outputs found
Detectability of atmospheric features of Earth-like planets in the habitable zone around M dwarfs
We investigate the detectability of atmospheric spectral features of
Earth-like planets in the habitable zone (HZ) around M dwarfs with the future
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We use a coupled 1D climate-chemistry-model
to simulate the influence of a range of observed and modelled M-dwarf spectra
on Earth-like planets. The simulated atmospheres served as input for the
calculation of the transmission spectra of the hypothetical planets, using a
line-by-line spectral radiative transfer model. To investigate the
spectroscopic detectability of absorption bands with JWST we further developed
a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) model and applied it to our transmission spectra.
High abundances of CH and HO in the atmosphere of Earth-like planets
around mid to late M dwarfs increase the detectability of the corresponding
spectral features compared to early M-dwarf planets. Increased temperatures in
the middle atmosphere of mid- to late-type M-dwarf planets expand the
atmosphere and further increase the detectability of absorption bands. To
detect CH, HO, and CO in the atmosphere of an Earth-like planet
around a mid to late M dwarf observing only one transit with JWST could be
enough up to a distance of 4 pc and less than ten transits up to a distance of
10 pc. As a consequence of saturation limits of JWST and less pronounced
absorption bands, the detection of spectral features of hypothetical Earth-like
planets around most early M dwarfs would require more than ten transits. We
identify 276 existing M dwarfs (including GJ 1132, TRAPPIST-1, GJ 1214, and LHS
1140) around which atmospheric absorption features of hypothetical Earth-like
planets could be detected by co-adding just a few transits. We show that using
transmission spectroscopy, JWST could provide enough precision to be able to
partly characterise the atmosphere of Earth-like TESS planets around mid to
late M dwarfs.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figure
Near infrared nadir retrieval of vertical column densities: methodology and application to SCIAMACHY
Nadir observations with the shortwave infrared channels of SCIAMACHY on-board the ENVISAT satellite can be used to derive information on atmospheric gases such as CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>O. For the operational level 1b-2 processing of SCIAMACHY data, a new retrieval code BIRRA (Beer InfraRed Retrieval Algorithm) has been developed. BIRRA performs a nonlinear or separable least squares fit (with bound constraints optional) of the measured radiance, where molecular concentration vertical profiles are scaled to fit the observed data. Here we present the forward modeling (radiative transfer) and inversion (least squares optimization) fundamentals of the code along with the further processing steps required to generate higher level products such as global distributions and time series. Moreover, various aspects of level 1 (observed spectra) and auxiliary input data relevant for successful retrievals are discussed. BIRRA is currently used for operational analysis of carbon monoxide vertical column densities from SCIAMACHY channel 8 observations, and is being prepared for methane retrievals using channel 6 spectra. A set of representative CO retrievals and first CH<sub>4</sub> results are presented to demonstrate BIRRA's capabilities
Assessment of digital image correlation measurement errors: methodology and results
Optical full-field measurement methods such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC) are increasingly used in the field of experimental mechanics, but they still suffer from a lack of information about their metrological performances. To assess the performance of DIC techniques and give some practical rules for users, a collaborative work has been carried out by the Workgroup “Metrology” of the French CNRS research network 2519 “MCIMS (Mesures de Champs et Identification en Mécanique des Solides / Full-field measurement and identification in solid mechanics, http://www.ifma.fr/lami/gdr2519)”. A methodology is proposed to assess the metrological performances of the image processing algorithms that constitute their main component, the knowledge of which being required for a global assessment of the whole measurement system. The study is based on displacement error assessment from synthetic speckle images. Series of synthetic reference and deformed images with random patterns have been generated, assuming a sinusoidal displacement field with various frequencies and amplitudes. Displacements are evaluated by several DIC packages based on various formulations and used in the French community. Evaluated displacements are compared with the exact imposed values and errors are statistically analyzed. Results show general trends rather independent of the implementations but strongly correlated with the assumptions of the underlying algorithms. Various error regimes are identified, for which the dependence of the uncertainty with the parameters of the algorithms, such as subset size, gray level interpolation or shape functions, is discussed
Proxima Centauri b: A Strong Case for Including Cosmic-Ray-induced Chemistry in Atmospheric Biosignature Studies
Due to its Earth-like minimum mass of 1.27 M-E and its close proximity to our solar system, Proxima Centauri b is one of the most interesting exoplanets for habitability studies. Its host star, Proxima Centauri, is however a strongly flaring star, which is expected to provide a very hostile environment for potentially habitable planets. We perform a habitability study of Proxima Centauri b assuming an Earth-like atmosphere under high stellar particle bombardment, with a focus on spectral transmission features. We employ our extensive model suite calculating energy spectra of stellar particles, their journey through the planetary magnetosphere, ionosphere, and atmosphere, ultimately providing planetary climate and spectral characteristics, as outlined in Herbst et al. Our results suggest that together with the incident stellar energy flux, high particle influxes can lead to efficient heating of the planet well into temperate climates, by limiting CH4 amounts, which would otherwise run into antigreenhouse for such planets around M stars. We identify some key spectral features relevant for future spectral observations: First, NO2 becomes the major absorber in the visible, which greatly impacts the Rayleigh slope. Second, H2O features can be masked by CH4 (near-infrared) and CO2 (mid- to far-infrared), making them nondetectable in transmission. Third, O-3 is destroyed and instead HNO3 features become clearly visible in the mid- to far-infrared. Lastly, assuming a few percent of CO2 in the atmosphere, CO2 absorption at 5.3 mu m becomes significant (for flare and nonflare cases), strongly overlapping with a flare related NO feature in Earth\u27s atmosphere
Unveiling the Active Nucleus of Centaurus A
We report new HST WFPC2 and NICMOS observations of the center of the nearest
radio galaxy Centaurus A (NGC 5128) and discuss their implications for our
understanding of the active nucleus and jet. We detect the active nucleus in
the near-IR (K and H) and, for the first time, in the optical (I and V),
deriving the spectral energy distribution of the nucleus from the radio to
X-rays. The optical and part of the near-IR emission can be explained by the
extrapolation of the X-ray power law reddened by A_V~14mag, a value consistent
with other independent estimates.
The 20pc-scale nuclear disk discovered by Schreier et al. (1998) is detected
in the [FeII] 1.64mic line and presents a morphology similar to that observed
in Pa alpha with a [FeII]/Pa alpha ratio typical of low ionization Seyfert
galaxies and LINERs. NICMOS 3 Pa alpha observations in a 50"x50" circumnuclear
region suggest enhanced star formation (~0.3Msun/yr) at the edges of the
putative bar seen with ISO, perhaps due to shocks driven into the gas.
The light profile, reconstructed from V, H and K observations, shows that
Centaurus A has a core profile with a resolved break at ~4" and suggests a
black--hole mass of ~10^9 Msun. A linear blue structure aligned with the
radio/X-ray jet may indicate a channel of relatively low reddening in which
dust has been swept away by the jet.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, Astrophysical Journal, in press. High quality
figures available at http://www.arcetri.astro.it/~marconi/colpic.htm
Spinning Conformal Correlators
We develop the embedding formalism for conformal field theories, aimed at
doing computations with symmetric traceless operators of arbitrary spin. We use
an index-free notation where tensors are encoded by polynomials in auxiliary
polarization vectors. The efficiency of the formalism is demonstrated by
computing the tensor structures allowed in n-point conformal correlation
functions of tensors operators. Constraints due to tensor conservation also
take a simple form in this formalism. Finally, we obtain a perfect match
between the number of independent tensor structures of conformal correlators in
d dimensions and the number of independent structures in scattering amplitudes
of spinning particles in (d+1)-dimensional Minkowski space.Comment: 46 pages, 3 figures; V2: references added; V3: tiny misprint
corrected in (A.9
Reverse quantum state engineering using electronic feedback loops
We propose an all-electronic technique to manipulate and control interacting
quantum systems by unitary single-jump feedback conditioned on the outcome of a
capacitively coupled electrometer and in particular a single-electron
transistor. We provide a general scheme to stabilize pure states in the quantum
system and employ an effective Hamiltonian method for the quantum master
equation to elaborate on the nature of stabilizable states and the conditions
under which state purification can be achieved. The state engineering within
the quantum feedback scheme is shown to be linked with the solution of an
inverse eigenvalue problem. Two applications of the feedback scheme are
presented in detail: (i) stabilization of delocalized pure states in a single
charge qubit and (ii) entanglement stabilization in two coupled charge qubits.
In the latter example we demonstrate the stabilization of a maximally entangled
Bell state for certain detector positions and local feedback operations.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures, to be published by New Journal of Physics (2013
Nonlinear response of the vacuum Rabi resonance
On the level of single atoms and photons, the coupling between atoms and the
electromagnetic field is typically very weak. By employing a cavity to confine
the field, the strength of this interaction can be increased many orders of
magnitude to a point where it dominates over any dissipative process. This
strong-coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics has been reached for
real atoms in optical cavities, and for artificial atoms in circuit QED and
quantum-dot systems. A signature of strong coupling is the splitting of the
cavity transmission peak into a pair of resolvable peaks when a single resonant
atom is placed inside the cavity - an effect known as vacuum Rabi splitting.
The circuit QED architecture is ideally suited for going beyond this linear
response effect. Here, we show that increasing the drive power results in two
unique nonlinear features in the transmitted heterodyne signal: the
supersplitting of each vacuum Rabi peak into a doublet, and the appearance of
additional peaks with the characteristic sqrt(n) spacing of the Jaynes-Cummings
ladder. These constitute direct evidence for the coupling between the quantized
microwave field and the anharmonic spectrum of a superconducting qubit acting
as an artificial atom.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Supplementary Material and Supplementary Movies
are available at http://www.eng.yale.edu/rslab/publications.htm
Stabilizing entanglement autonomously between two superconducting qubits
Quantum error-correction codes would protect an arbitrary state of a
multi-qubit register against decoherence-induced errors, but their
implementation is an outstanding challenge for the development of large-scale
quantum computers. A first step is to stabilize a non-equilibrium state of a
simple quantum system such as a qubit or a cavity mode in the presence of
decoherence. Several groups have recently accomplished this goal using
measurement-based feedback schemes. A next step is to prepare and stabilize a
state of a composite system. Here we demonstrate the stabilization of an
entangled Bell state of a quantum register of two superconducting qubits for an
arbitrary time. Our result is achieved by an autonomous feedback scheme which
combines continuous drives along with a specifically engineered coupling
between the two-qubit register and a dissipative reservoir. Similar autonomous
feedback techniques have recently been used for qubit reset and the
stabilization of a single qubit state, as well as for creating and stabilizing
states of multipartite quantum systems. Unlike conventional, measurement-based
schemes, an autonomous approach counter-intuitively uses engineered dissipation
to fight decoherence, obviating the need for a complicated external feedback
loop to correct errors, simplifying implementation. Instead the feedback loop
is built into the Hamiltonian such that the steady state of the system in the
presence of drives and dissipation is a Bell state, an essential building-block
state for quantum information processing. Such autonomous schemes, broadly
applicable to a variety of physical systems as demonstrated by a concurrent
publication with trapped ion qubits, will be an essential tool for the
implementation of quantum-error correction.Comment: 39 pages, 7 figure
Hybrid Mechanical Systems
We discuss hybrid systems in which a mechanical oscillator is coupled to
another (microscopic) quantum system, such as trapped atoms or ions,
solid-state spin qubits, or superconducting devices. We summarize and compare
different coupling schemes and describe first experimental implementations.
Hybrid mechanical systems enable new approaches to quantum control of
mechanical objects, precision sensing, and quantum information processing.Comment: To cite this review, please refer to the published book chapter (see
Journal-ref and DOI). This v2 corresponds to the published versio
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