Growth factor regulation of uncoupling protein-1 mRNA expression in brown adipocytes

9 pages, 7 figures.To study the effect of the mitogens epidermal growth factor (EGF), acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF), and vasopressin on brown adipocyte differentiation, we analyzed the expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) mRNA. Quiescent brown preadipocytes express high levels of UCP-1 mRNA in response to triiodothyronine (T3) and norepinephrine (NE). The addition of serum or the mitogenic condition aFGF + vasopressin + NE or EGF + vasopressin + NE decreases UCP-1 mRNA. A second addition of mitogens further decreases UCP-1 mRNA. Treatment with aFGF or bFGF alone increases UCP-1 mRNA, whereas the addition of EGF or vasopressin dramatically reduces UCP-1 mRNA levels. The continuous presence of T3 increases UCP-1 mRNA levels in cells treated with EGF, aFGF, or bFGF. The effect of T3 on the stimulation of DNA synthesis also was tested. T3 inhibits the mitogenic activity of aFGF and bFGF. In conclusion, mitogens like aFGF or bFGF allow brown adipocyte differentiation, whereas EGF and vasopressin inhibit the differentiation process. T3 behaves as an important hormone that regulates both brown adipocyte proliferation and differentiation.This work was supported by Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica Grants PB 92-0061 and PB 95-0097, Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid Grant CAM 08.8/0030/98, and Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias de la Seguridad Social Grants FISS 94/0274 and FISS 99/0813 (Spain). B. García was recipient of a fellowship from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Cultura.Peer reviewe

Bebauungsplan

Der Bebauungsplan ist das zentrale Instrument für die städtebauliche Entwicklung einer Gemeinde. Im Bebauungsplan regeln zeichnerische und textliche Festsetzungen die städtebauliche und sonstige Entwicklung des Gemeindegebietes. Bauvorhaben sind in der Regel zu genehmigen, wenn sie den Festsetzungen des Bebauungsplanes entsprechen und bauordnungsrechtlich zulässig sind. Ein Bebauungsplan darf nicht gegen höherrangiges Recht, insbesondere gegen Ziele der Raumordnung, verstoßen. Ein Bebauungsplan kann von planbetroffenen Dritten im Wege eines Normenkontrollverfahrens nach §47 Abs. 1 Nr. 1 VwGO gerichtlich angefochten werden. Außerdem besteht die Möglichkeit, die Rechtmäßigkeit eines Bebauungsplans im Wege einer Anfechtungs- oder Verpflichtungsklage indizent auf die Rechtmäßigkeit hin überprüfen zu lassen

Probing of DNA Photochemistry with C-Nucleosides of Xanthones and Triphenylene as Photosensitizers To Study the Formation of Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers

The direct and sequence-dependent investigation of photochemical processes in DNA on the way to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) as DNA damage requires the probing by photochemically different photosensitizers. The C-nucleosides of xanthone, thioxanthone, 3-methoxyxanthone, and triphenylene as photosensitizers were synthesized by Heck couplings and incorporated into ternary photoactive DNA architectures. This structural approach allows the site-selective excitation of the DNA by UV light. Together with a single defined site for T–T dimerization, not only the direct CPD formation but also the distance-dependent CPD formation in DNA as well as the possibility for energy transport processes could be investigated. Direct CPD formation was observed with xanthone, 3-methoxyxanthone, and triphenylene as sensitizers but not with thioxanthone. Only xanthone was able to induce CPDs remotely by a triplet energy transfer over up to six intervening A-T base pairs. Taken together, more precise information on the sequence dependence of the DNA triplet photochemistry was obtained

Untersuchungen über den Einfluß des synthetischen Thrombininhibitors Argatroban auf isolierte Gefäße

Zu der folgenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluß des synthetischen Thrombininhibitors auf isolierte Gefäße der A. carotis von Kaninchen untersucht. Zunächst wurden grundsätzliche Gefäßreaktionen endothelabhängige Gefäßrelaxation durch Acetylcholin Kontraktionen, durch Phenylephrin, Serotonin, Arachidonsäure und plättchenreiches Plasma-lysat geprüft. Es folgten Versuche mit den NO-Synthase Hemmern L-NAME und L-Glutamin. In abschließenden Versuchen wurde der Einfluß von L-Arginin und Argatroban auf die Relaxationen durch Acetylcholin und der Einfluß auf die induzierte Relaxation durch L-NAME und L-Glutamin untersucht. Parallel zu den o.g. Versuchen wurde die gerinnungshemmende Wirkung von Argatroban nachgewiesen

Hot stamping of load adjusted structural parts

The importance of high-strength steel concepts for car bodies has increased in recent years due to the necessity of weight reduction and improved crash safety. By using hot stamping or also known as press hardening of boron alloyed heat-treatable steels, it is possible to produce parts with a much higher strength than by cold forming processes. Depending on the stress profile of a structural part, it might be desirable to have different material rigidity in the part, with some high strength and other more ductile areas, so called "Tailored properties". There are a variety of methods to produce such parts, but all of these methods have currently still major challenges. Two methods to manufacture parts with tailored properties, these challenges and corresponding approaches are presented in this paper. This is on the one hand subsequently cooling in a spray field, which currently is still in the development phase because of challenges related to distortion. And on the other hand, the masked austenitization, which is used by only a few manufacturers due to the lack of experience, the impairments of coating condition and the great demands on the process management concerning re-cooling of the mask. Both variants are forward-looking and deliver high potential for further research.DFG/1691/11-2DFG/CRC/48

A method for setting upper limits to the extragalactic background light with Fermi-LAT and TeV observations of blazars

We propose a method for setting upper limits to the extragalactic background light (EBL). Our method uses simultaneous {\em Fermi}-LAT and ground-based TeV observations of blazars and is based on the assumption that the intrinsic spectral energy distribution (SED) of TeV blazars lies below the extrapolation of the {\em Fermi}-LAT SED from GeV to TeV energies. By extrapolating the {\em Fermi}-LAT spectrum, which for TeV blazars is practically unattenuated by photon-photon pair production with EBL photons, a firm upper limit on the intrinsic SED at TeV energies is provided. The ratio of the extrapolated spectrum to the observed TeV spectrum provides upper limits to the optical depth for the propagation of the TeV photons due to pair production on the EBL, which in turn sets firm upper limits to EBL models. We demonstrate our method using simultaneous observations from {\em Fermi}-LAT and ground-based TeV telescopes of the blazars \object{PKS 2155-304} and \object{1ES 1218+304}, and show that high EBL density models are disfavored. We also discuss how our method can be optimized and how {\em Fermi} and X-ray monitoring observations of TeV blazars can guide future TeV campaigns, leading to potentially much stronger constraints on EBL models.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures. Accepted by ApJ Letter

Afrikabestände im Unitätsarchiv der Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine: II. Die in Afrika tätigen Geschwister: Literaturverzeichnis

A list of Moravian missionaries active in Ghana (1737-68), South Africa (1737-44, 1792-c. 1960) and Tanzania (1891-c. 1970), with a bibliography and an index of place-names

Die Erfassung, Betreuung und Versorgung alkoholabhängiger Bürger in der DDR am Beispiel Rostocks im Zeitraum von 1970 bis 1990 mit besonderem Fokus auf den betrieblichen Sektor

Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich dem Umgang mit der Alkoholproblematik in der DDR und spezifisch in Rostock. Dabei lag der Fokus auf der Darstellung von Versorgung, Erfassung, politischer Debatte und zuletzt auch auf dem betrieblichen Umgang. Das ausgewählte Beispiel stellt vom Großen (Bezirk Rostock) bis ins Kleine (Neptunwerft) eine für die DDR typische Konstellation zwischen Betreuung und Repression, Hilfe und Bevormundung unter dem Bedingungsrahmen knapper ökonomischer wie auch personeller Ressourcen im Gesundheitswesen dar

Experimental and numerical analysis of the flow behaviour of magnesium wrought alloy AZ31 for deep drawing processes at elevated temperatures

In the present paper, the flow behaviour of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ31 is analysed experimentally and numerically. Especial in deep drawing processes is the knowledge of the flow behaviour important. Depending on the type and size of the hardening and softening of a material, the process parameters such as temperature and sheet thickness must be adjusted to produce a flawless part. The material behaviour of magnesium is different compared to conventional steels, because the hardening and softening effects are changing highly with increasing temperature. For this purpose, yield curves were recorded experimentally at different temperatures by means of layer compression tests. Following the yield curves were converted based on the principle of the plastic work equivalence for finite element simulations (FEA). For validation, numerical simulations of the layer compression test at elevated temperature using the converted yield curve were carried out