PROCESSO DE PLANEJAMENTO NOS CENTROS DE SAÚDE: ESTUDO DE MÚLTIPLOS CASOS

Objetivo: descrever o processo de planejamento em centros de saúde com resultados contrastantes, segundo os indicadores de saúde. Método: estudo de casos múltiplos, composto por quatro casos. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre março e maio de 2017, em centros de saúde, mediante pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, entrevista semiestruturada e observação não participante. Participaram 25 sujeitos, coordenadores dos centros de saúde, profissionais de nível superior das equipes, apoiadores do distrito sanitário e um gestor da área de planejamento. Cada caso foi analisado individualmente, buscando similaridades e contrastes. As descobertas de todos os casos foram totalizadas e analisadas por meio de síntese cruzada dos casos. Resultados: falta de recursos humanos, problemas interpessoais e processos de trabalho individualizados foram problemas que dificultaram o alcance de melhores resultados. Considerações finais: o trabalho integrado e a comunicação entre os profissionais facilita o desenvolvimento do planejamento e auxilia o alcance de melhores resultados. Descritores: Gestão em Saúde. Planejamento em Saúde. Sistema Único de Saúde. Atenção Primária à Saúde. Enfermagem

TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Mezilaurus itauba WOOD: APPLICATION AND MACHINING TESTS

Brazil has several forest species that can be used for sustainable wood production. However, finding materials with technological quality is still a challenge. Wood is an excellent building material, however, there are few studies that have investigated the technological characterization, machining and processing of these species, including Mezilaurus itauba (Meisn.) Taub. Ex Mez. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the technical characteristics and application potential of M. itauba wood from two distinct commercial lots, by analyzing its mechanical properties and performing machining tests.  For this, static bending, dynamics and machining tests were carried out. The perpendicular compression tests of the evaluated fibers presented mean values of 9899.77 Mpa and 10670.74 Mpa for the elasticity module of lot 1 and lot 2, respectively. The average value observed for the L1 rupture module was 96.02 Mpa, while for L2 it was 113.85 Mpa. For the shear tests, low variation was observed between the specimens as well as between the evaluated lots. As for machining tests, M. itauba wood was classified as excellent for manufacturing furniture and internal openings. The M. itauba lots have acceptable mechanical strength, and the density is indicated for structural works, as well as for manufacturing furniture and interiors

LEVANTAMENTO FLORÍSTICO E PARÂMETROS FITOSSOCIOLÓGICOS DA RESTINGA NA LOCALIDADE DE MORRO DOS CONVENTOS, ARARANGUÁ-SC

Estudou-se a composição florística e parâmetros fitossociológicos da restinga herbácea na localidade de Morro dos Conventos, Araranguá, Santa Catarina. As restingas despertam grande interesse no meio científico por apresentarem fragilidade e grande diversidade de espécies vegetais. Para a florística utilizou-se o método expedido por caminhamento e para a fitossociologia o método de parcelas em três áreas distintas: dunas frontais, internas e baixadas, onde a vegetação é predominantemente herbácea. Foram utilizadas 20 parcelas de 2m x 2m distribuídas ao longo de um transecto de 120m, com 4m de distância entre as parcelas. A cobertura de cada espécie foi estimada pela escala de Causton. A identificação taxonômica seguiu o sistema proposto por APG IV (BYNG et al., 2016) para angiospermas. Foram registradas 15 espécies distribuídas em nove famílias botânicas. Dentre as famílias encontradas Asteraceae (6) apresentou a maior riqueza específica, seguida de Poaceae (2). Essas famílias apresentam polinização e dispersão facilitada pelo vento, que é determinante na distribuição das espécies no ambiente de dunas frontais. As espécies com maiores valores de importância foram Panicum racemosum, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Oxypetalum tomentosum e Ipomea pes-caprae, distribuídas predominantemente nas dunas frontais, sendo que Panicum racemosum e Ipomea pes-caprae são descritas na literatura como importantes fixadoras de dunas.Palavras-chave: Restinga. Florística. Fitossociologia. Vegetação herbácea

Phytosociological parameters of a fragment of mixed ombrophilous forest in regeneration after burning in the municipality of Segredo

The natural regeneration after natural or anthropogenic disturbances is an important element to reestablishing shrubby-arboreal species, that is, in the restoration of abundance. To the analysis of the floristic composition and some phytosociology parameters of one three years old clearing that was burned in a mixed ambrofila forest near Segredo, RS, was sampled 16 parts measuring 2m x 2m, totaling 64 m². Was found 240 individuals belonging to 42 shrubby-arboreal species. Therefore naturally trough processes of regeneration, the environment is covering himself, showing notable abundance. The species diversification may be contributing to the formation of different ecological guilds, which will facilitate in a time range, the gradual restoration of the degraded area that can be managed to achieve higher success.The present work aims to describe the structure and floristic composition of the natural regeneration in a clearing of a Fragment of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest that underwent an intervention by burning after three years in the Municipality of Segredo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. We sampled 16 plots of 2 x 2 m, totaling 64 m2. It was established that all plants with height greater than 0.3 m were included as criterion in the floristic survey. We found 240 plants belonging to 42 arboreal-shrub species

Estrutura populacional de Drimys angustifolia Miers em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Alto-Montana, Urubici, SC

The present study had as objective to characterize the population structure of the most abundant arboreal species in a fragment of Upper Montane Mixed Ombrophilous Forest in Urubici, Santa Catarina, as well as determining the natural capacity of regeneration in the deforested area adjacent to the forest fragment. To detect the most abundant species, was realized a structural-floristic survey in the forest fragment, through the allocation of plots, in which all individuals with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm were considered adults and inventoried. To determine the natural capacity of regeneration of the selected species in the deforested adjacent area, were allocated plots, where the individuals classified as regenerating (20 cm of height to 5 cm of DAP) was sampled, in the years of 2014 and 2016. It was analyzed the diametric structure and the spatial distribution of the adults’ individuals of the specie, and the hypsometric, spatial structures and dynamic of the regenerating individuals. Drimys angustifolia Miers was the most abundant species in the fragment, which represented 26.4% of the individuals. The population structure for this species obtained a diametric distribution tending to normality and random spatial distribution for the adults individuals. The regenerated component presented an aggregated spatial distribution pattern (2016) and normal hypsometrical distribution only in 2016. The dynamic rates of the reagents indicated a population increase. The great density for this species, associated with its structural characteristics, indicate a good adaption in this forest fragment and regenerative capacity consistent with the successional stage of the area under recovering, with a tendency to increase the number of individuals over time. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a estrutura populacional da espécie arbórea mais abundante em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Alto-Montana em Urubici, Santa Catarina, assim como determinar sua capacidade de regeneração natural na área desmatada adjacente ao fragmento florestal. Para a detecção da espécie mais abundante, foi realizado um levantamento florístico-estrutural no fragmento florestal, por meio da alocação de parcelas, onde todos os indivíduos com diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm foram considerados adultos e inventariados. Para determinar a capacidade de regeneração natural da espécie selecionada na área desmatada adjacente, foram alocadas parcelas, onde os indivíduos considerados como regenerantes (20 cm de altura até 5 cm de DAP) foram amostrados, nos anos de 2014 e 2016. Foi analisada a estrutura diamétrica e a distribuição espacial dos indivíduos adultos da espécie, e a estrutura hipsométrica, espacial e dinâmica dos indivíduos regenerantes. A espécie mais abundante no fragmento foi Drimys angustifolia Miers, que representou 26,4% dos indivíduos. A estrutura populacional dessa espécie obteve distribuição diamétrica tendendo à normalidade e distribuição espacial aleatória para os indivíduos adultos. O componente regenerante apresentou padrão de distribuição espacial agregado (2016) e distribuição hipsométrica normal somente em 2016. As taxas de dinâmica dos regenerantes indicaram aumento populacional. A elevada densidade desta espécie, associada às suas características estruturais, indicam boa adaptação no fragmento florestal e capacidade regenerativa condizente com o estágio sucessional da área em recuperação, com tendência ao aumento do número de indivíduos ao longo do tempo

Estruturação espacial de traços funcionais de espécies arbóreas em função da distância da borda em Floresta Alto-Montana no sul do Brasil

We aimed to evaluate the functional organization of tree species in an Upper-Montane Araucaria Forest remnant, in the municipality of Urubici, Santa Catarina state. We tested the following hypothesis: the species present a high functional heterogeneity that is spatially structured as a function of the remnant edge distance. To determine the most abundant tree species, we plotted a 20 x 100 m transect, perpendicular to the fragment edge, where all trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 5 cm were sampled. For the most abundant species, the functional traits were characterized: wood density (DM), leaf area (AF), specific leaf area (AFE) and maximum potential height (Hmax). The community weight mean values of functional traits (CWM) and functional diversity (RaoQ) were determined. The data were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and by Mantel Correlogram. While PCA axis 1 summarized a functional gradient related to Hmax and AFE, axis 2 indicated a variation related to DM and AF. Moreover, the edge distance significantly influenced the leaf traits and the functional diversity. At the edge, which is the environment where the vegetation is most exposed to frost, lower functional diversity was observed, with the predominance of species with small leaves. We concluded that the studied species are not functionally homogeneous and that the functional organization is spatially structured according to the edge distance.O presente estudo visou avaliar a organização funcional de espécies arbóreas em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Alto-Montana no município de Urubici, SC. A hipótese de que as espécies avaliadas apresentam elevada heterogeneidade funcional e que é espacialmente estruturada em função da distância da borda do remanescente foi testada. Para a determinação das espécies mais abundantes do fragmento, foi alocada uma transecção (20 x 100 m) perpendicular à borda do fragmento, em que foram amostradas as árvores com diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm. Para as espécies mais abundantes, foram caracterizados os seus traços funcionais: densidade da madeira (DM), área foliar (AF), área foliar específica (AFE) e altura máxima potencial (Hmax). Foram determinados os valores médios dos traços ponderados para a comunidade (CWM) e a diversidade funcional (RaoQ). Os dados foram analisados por meio de uma Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e por meio de correlograma de Mantel. Enquanto o eixo 1 da PCA sintetizou um gradiente funcional relacionado com a Hmax e AFE, o eixo 2 indicou uma variação relacionada com a DM e a AF. Além disso, observou-se estruturação espacial dos traços foliares (AF e AFE) e da diversidade funcional. Na borda, que é o ambiente onde a vegetação está mais exposta à geada, foi observada menor diversidade funcional, com a predominância de espécies com folhas pequenas. Assim, foi possível concluir que as espécies estudadas não são funcionalmente homogêneas e que a organização funcional é espacialmente estruturada em função da distância da borda

Traços funcionais e performance de espécies arbóreas em uma Floresta Ombrófila Mista no Planalto Sul-Catarinense

We aimed to describe the functional traits of the tree species of a Mixed Ombrophilous Forest fragment in the “Planalto Sul-Catarinense” region and to test if function traits predict tree species demographic rates. For the most abundant species, we determined the functional traits - leaf area (AF), specific leaf area (AFE), wood basic density (DM) and maximum potential height (Hmax) – and demographic rates – mortality, recruitment, gain and loss of basal area, turnover and net changes. We analyzed the data through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Generalized Least Square (GLS) models. The data showed that the species have a high functional heterogeneity, mainly in relation to Hmax, AFE (PCA - Axis 1), and DM (PCA - Axis 2).  Demographic rates were only affected by Hmax and AFE. We concluded that (i) the variation of species functional traits synthesized a spectra of ecological strategies related to the distribution of species along forest vertical profile and in areas with different times post-disturbance; and that (ii) the demographic rates of the species were predicted by the functional traits that indicated species ability to colonize the forest understory.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização funcional de espécies arbóreas de um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista no Planalto Sul-Catarinense, bem como determinar se os traços funcionais afetam as taxas demográficas das mesmas. Para as espécies mais abundantes do fragmento foram caracterizados os traços funcionais - área foliar (AF), área foliar específica (AFE), densidade básica da madeira (DM) e altura máxima potencial (Hmax) – e suas taxas demográficas – mortalidade, recrutamento, ganho e perda em área basal, rotatividade e mudança líquida. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e modelos do tipo Mínimo Quadrado Generalizado (GSL). Os resultados evidenciaram que as espécies apresentam elevada heterogeneidade funcional, principalmente no que se refere a Hmax, AFE (PCA – Eixo 1) e DM (PCA - Eixo 2). As taxas demográficas das espécies foram influenciadas de forma significativa apenas por Hmax e AFE. Conclui-se que: i) as variações dos traços funcionais das espécies sintetizam espectros de estratégias ecológicas relacionadas ao particionamento do perfil vertical da floresta e a capacidade de se desenvolverem em áreas com diferentes tempos pós-distúrbios; e que, ii) os traços funcionais que indicaram a capacidade das espécies colonizarem o sub-bosque foram preditores das taxas demográficas das espécies

Basin-wide variation in tree hydraulic safety margins predicts the carbon balance of Amazon forests

Funding: Data collection was largely funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) project TREMOR (NE/N004655/1) to D.G., E.G. and O.P., with further funds from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, finance code 001) to J.V.T. and a University of Leeds Climate Research Bursary Fund to J.V.T. D.G., E.G. and O.P. acknowledge further support from a NERC-funded consortium award (ARBOLES, NE/S011811/1). This paper is an outcome of J.V.T.’s doctoral thesis, which was sponsored by CAPES (GDE 99999.001293/2015-00). J.V.T. was previously supported by the NERC-funded ARBOLES project (NE/S011811/1) and is supported at present by the Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet (grant no. 2019-03758 to R.M.). E.G., O.P. and D.G. acknowledge support from NERC-funded BIORED grant (NE/N012542/1). O.P. acknowledges support from an ERC Advanced Grant and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. R.S.O. was supported by a CNPq productivity scholarship, the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP-Microsoft 11/52072-0) and the US Department of Energy, project GoAmazon (FAPESP 2013/50531-2). M.M. acknowledges support from MINECO FUN2FUN (CGL2013-46808-R) and DRESS (CGL2017-89149-C2-1-R). C.S.-M., F.B.V. and P.R.L.B. were financed by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, finance code 001). C.S.-M. received a scholarship from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq 140353/2017-8) and CAPES (science without borders 88881.135316/2016-01). Y.M. acknowledges the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and ERC Advanced Investigator Grant (GEM-TRAITS, 321131) for supporting the Global Ecosystems Monitoring (GEM) network (gem.tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk), within which some of the field sites (KEN, TAM and ALP) are nested. The authors thank Brazil–USA Collaborative Research GoAmazon DOE-FAPESP-FAPEAM (FAPESP 2013/50533-5 to L.A.) and National Science Foundation (award DEB-1753973 to L. Alves). They thank Serrapilheira Serra-1709-18983 (to M.H.) and CNPq-PELD/POPA-441443/2016-8 (to L.G.) (P.I. Albertina Lima). They thank all the colleagues and grants mentioned elsewhere [8,36] that established, identified and measured the Amazon forest plots in the RAINFOR network analysed here. The authors particularly thank J. Lyod, S. Almeida, F. Brown, B. Vicenti, N. Silva and L. Alves. This work is an outcome approved Research Project no. 19 from ForestPlots.net, a collaborative initiative developed at the University of Leeds that unites researchers and the monitoring of their permanent plots from the world’s tropical forests [61]. The authros thank A. Levesley, K. Melgaço Ladvocat and G. Pickavance for ForestPlots.net management. They thank Y. Wang and J. Baker, respectively, for their help with the map and with the climatic data. The authors acknowledge the invaluable help of M. Brum for kindly providing the comparison of vulnerability curves based on PAD and on PLC shown in this manuscript. They thank J. Martinez-Vilalta for his comments on an early version of this manuscript. The authors also thank V. Hilares and the Asociación para la Investigación y Desarrollo Integral (AIDER, Puerto Maldonado, Peru); V. Saldaña and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) for local field campaign support in Peru; E. Chavez and Noel Kempff Natural History Museum for local field campaign support in Bolivia; ICMBio, INPA/NAPPA/LBA COOMFLONA (Cooperativa mista da Flona Tapajós) and T. I. Bragança-Marituba for the research support.Tropical forests face increasing climate risk1,2, yet our ability to predict their response to climate change is limited by poor understanding of their resistance to water stress. Although xylem embolism resistance thresholds (for example, Ψ50) and hydraulic safety margins (for example, HSM50) are important predictors of drought-induced mortality risk3-5, little is known about how these vary across Earth's largest tropical forest. Here, we present a pan-Amazon, fully standardized hydraulic traits dataset and use it to assess regional variation in drought sensitivity and hydraulic trait ability to predict species distributions and long-term forest biomass accumulation. Parameters Ψ50 and HSM50 vary markedly across the Amazon and are related to average long-term rainfall characteristics. Both Ψ50 and HSM50 influence the biogeographical distribution of Amazon tree species. However, HSM50 was the only significant predictor of observed decadal-scale changes in forest biomass. Old-growth forests with wide HSM50 are gaining more biomass than are low HSM50 forests. We propose that this may be associated with a growth-mortality trade-off whereby trees in forests consisting of fast-growing species take greater hydraulic risks and face greater mortality risk. Moreover, in regions of more pronounced climatic change, we find evidence that forests are losing biomass, suggesting that species in these regions may be operating beyond their hydraulic limits. Continued climate change is likely to further reduce HSM50 in the Amazon6,7, with strong implications for the Amazon carbon sink.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Crown-Level Structure and Fuel Load Characterization from Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning in a Longleaf Pine (<i>Pinus palustris</i> Mill.) Forest Ecosystem

Airborne Laser Scanners (ALS) and Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) are two lidar systems frequently used for remote sensing forested ecosystems. The aim of this study was to compare crown metrics derived from TLS, ALS, and a combination of both for describing the crown structure and fuel attributes of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) dominated forest located at Eglin Air Force Base (AFB), Florida, USA. The study landscape was characterized by an ALS and TLS data collection along with field measurements within three large (1963 m2 each) plots in total, each one representing a distinct stand condition at Eglin AFB. Tree-level measurements included bole diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (HT), crown base height (CBH), and crown width (CW). In addition, the crown structure and fuel metrics foliage biomass (FB), stem branches biomass (SB), crown biomass (CB), and crown bulk density (CBD) were calculated using allometric equations. Canopy Height Models (CHM) were created from ALS and TLS point clouds separately and by combining them (ALS + TLS). Individual trees were extracted, and crown-level metrics were computed from the three lidar-derived datasets and used to train random forest (RF) models. The results of the individual tree detection showed successful estimation of tree count from all lidar-derived datasets, with marginal errors ranging from −4 to 3%. For all three lidar-derived datasets, the RF models accurately predicted all tree-level attributes. Overall, we found strong positive correlations between model predictions and observed values (R2 between 0.80 and 0.98), low to moderate errors (RMSE% between 4.56 and 50.99%), and low biases (between 0.03% and −2.86%). The highest R2 using ALS data was achieved predicting CBH (R2 = 0.98), while for TLS and ALS + TLS, the highest R2 was observed predicting HT, CW, and CBD (R2 = 0.94) and HT (R2 = 0.98), respectively. Relative RMSE was lowest for HT using three lidar datasets (ALS = 4.83%, TLS = 7.22%, and ALS + TLS = 4.56%). All models and datasets had similar accuracies in terms of bias (<2.0%), except for CB in ALS (−2.53%) and ALS + TLS (−2.86%), and SB in ALS + TLS data (−2.22%). These results demonstrate the usefulness of all three lidar-related methodologies and lidar modeling overall, along with lidar applicability in the estimation of crown structure and fuel attributes of longleaf pine forest ecosystems. Given that TLS measurements are less practical and more expensive, our comparison suggests that ALS measurements are still reasonable for many applications, and its usefulness is justified. This novel tree-level analysis and its respective results contribute to lidar-based planning of forest structure and fuel management

Rainfall and topographic position determine tree embolism resistance in AmazÃŽnia and Cerrado sites

Droughts are predicted to increase in both frequency and intensity by the end of the 21st century, but ecosystem response is not expected to be uniform across landscapes. Here we assess the importance of the hill-to-valley hydrologic gradient in shaping vegetation embolism resistance under different rainfall regimes using hydraulic functional traits. We demonstrate that rainfall and hydrology modulate together the embolism resistance of tree species in different sites and topographic positions. Although buffered by stable access to groundwater, valley plants are intrinsically more vulnerable to drought-induced embolism than those on hills. In all study sites, the variability in resistance to embolism is higher on hills than on valleys, suggesting that the diversity of strategies to cope with drought is more important for tree communities on hills. When comparing our results with previously published data across the tropics, we show greater variability at the local scale than previously reported. Our results reinforce the urgent need to extend sampling efforts across rainfall regimes and topographic positions to improve the characterization of ecosystem resistance to drought at finer spatial scales