Der Wandel des Ernährungsverhaltens in Südamerika

Nutrition Transition wird häufig als Übergang der Phase drei „schwindender Hunger“ zu Phase vier „ernährungsbedingte nicht übertragbare Erkrankungen“ verstanden und basiert auf Veränderungen im Ernährungs- und Bewegungsverhalten. Dieses wird be-einflusst von Faktoren wie Globalisierung, Urbanisierung sowie wirtschaftlichen und technischen Veränderungen. Ökonomische, technologische und soziale Entwicklungen erfolgen in einzelnen Ländern zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten und in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß. Dementsprechend unterliegen die Beispielländer (Brasilien, Chile, Kolumbien und Peru) bzw. einzelne innerstaatliche Regionen unterschiedlichen Phasen des Ernäh-rungswandels. Dies ist auch anhand der variierenden Werte im Ländervergleich hin-sichtlich der demographischen und epidemiologischen Veränderungen ersichtlich. Auf-grund der extrem kurzen Zeitspanne, in der sich diese Veränderungen ergaben, trifft man in den ausgewählten Ländern auf ernährungsbedingte Doppelbelastung auf ver-schiedenen Ebenen. Die Begriffe Globalisierung und Urbanisierung sind kaum voneinander zu trennen und haben Auswirkungen auf die Bereitstellung von technischen Geräten und entspre-chendem Knowhow sowie auf das Nahrungsmittelangebot selbst und führte über Kon-vergenz zu Veränderungen im Ernährungsverhalten. Die Ausweitung der Supermärkte in Südamerika führte zu einer Monopolstellung im Einzelhandel und zu einem steigen-den Angebot von industriell gefertigten Produkten. Die zunehmende Infiltration von Fastfood-Ketten und der Softdrink-Industrie leistete zusammen mit ausgeklügelten Werbestrategien einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Ernährungsadaption. Technische Verän-derungen führten zu einer Reduktion der physischen Aktivität in der Arbeitswelt, im Transport und in der Freizeit. Sportliche Inaktivität ist in den Beispielländern gang und gäbe. Geringe Unterschiede wurden in Abhängigkeit von Geschlecht, Alter, Lokalisation der Wohnstätte und dem zugrundeliegenden sozioökonomischen Status ausgemacht. Zu den bedeutendsten Veränderungen in der Ernährung zählten die erhöhte Zufuhr von Fetten/Ölen, Zucker, tierischen Produkten und Softdrinks sowie der zunehmende Außerhauskonsum. Die sich durch den übermäßigen Konsum der genannten Kategorien ergebende positive Energiebilanz führte zu einer Abnahme von Unterernährung und einer Zunahme von Übergewicht und Adipositas. Die Prävalenz von Untergewicht und Unterentwicklung befindet sich in den Beispielländern auf relativ geringem Niveau. Die Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Fettleibigkeit nimmt jedoch Ausmaße an, die durchaus als Epidemie bezeichnet werden kann. Einfluss auf die Adipositasprävalenz haben Urbanisierung und sozioökonomischer Status. Der wirtschaftliche Entwicklungs-stand stellt ebenfalls eine wichtige Steuergröße dar. Mit der Zunahme von Übergewicht und Adipositas stieg auch die Prävalenz von Diabe-tes und kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen. Betrachtet man abgesehen von der sozialen Bürde die Kosten (direkte als auch indirekte), die infolge von Fettleibigkeit und ernäh-rungsassoziierten Folgeerkrankungen entstehen, ist rasches und effektives Handeln unumstößlich um eine wirtschaftliche Katastrophe abzuwenden. Der Erfolg bisheriger Maßnahmen in den Beispielländern blieb aus bzw. muss noch belegt werden. Es wäre daher sinnvoll sich weitere Maßnahmen zur Förderung einer gesunden Ernährung und eines ausgewogenen Bewegungsverhaltens zu überlegen. Es sollten jedoch alle Akteu-re und Settings berücksichtigt und für die Beteiligung der Politik, als regulatorische Einheit auf Stufe der Lebensmittelproduktion und – industrie, gesorgt werden. Aufgrund der beunruhigenden Ergebnisse müssen Entscheidungsträger aufgerüttelt und zum Handeln verpflichtet werden, besonders wenn man die positiven Auswirkun-gen einer geringen BMI-Reduktion von bereits einem Prozent auf die Verminderung der kumulativen Inzidenz für koronare Herzkrankheiten und Diabetes Mellitus berück-sichtigt.Nutrition transition is commonly seen as the shift from stage three “receding famine” to stage four “degenerative disease”. It can be attributed to changes in diet and in physical activity patterns and is influenced by globalization, urbanization as well as economic growth, technical improvements, and culture. Changes occur at different times and in a different extent and therefore the selected countries (Brazil, Chile, Co-lombia, and Peru) are experiencing different stages of the nutrition transition. This can also be noticed by the examination of the national data related to demographic and epidemiological transition. The rapidity of these changes lead to the phenomenon of nutritional dual-burden. Globalization and urbanization are difficult to distinguish between because of their multiple shared influences on allocation of technical devices, knowhow, and food. Doubtless both factors are affecting dietary patterns by dietary convergence. Super-markets spread through South America and reached the majority in retail. As a result, there was a rise in the range of packaged food sales. Well-designed advertisement and promotion by fast food and soft drink industry made a big contribution to dietary adaption. Moreover, a reduction in physical activity in terms of labor, transport, and leisure time could be noticed. Inactivity seems so be normal within the selected coun-tries even tough marginal differences were found related to sex, age, socioeconomic status, and dwelling (urban/rural). The most powerful change in nutrition is the increase in consumption of fat/oil, sugar, animal source foods, and soft drinks accompanied by the enormous popularity of out-of-home eating. The mentioned shifts lead to a positive energy balance and therefore to a reduction in undernutrition and a rise of overweight and obesity. Looking into de-tail, the prevalence of undernutrition within Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Peru was - compared to regions of crisis - on a low level. Anyhow, countries were faced by an in-creasing number of obese people so that we can talk about a real epidemic. The prevalence of obesity is influenced by urbanization and socioeconomic status depending on the economic development of the country. Due to the boost in overnutrition, prevalence of diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases increased too. Regardless of the social burden caused by overweight, obesity, and nu-trition related diseases; emerging costs (direct and indirect costs) will be enormous and claim for fast and effective strategies to avoid an economic catastrophe. Success of previous implementations failed to appear or is not verified so far. There-fore it would be reasonable to think of further measures to promote a healthy diet and an active lifestyle. Attention should be paid to the consideration of all actors and set-tings. Furthermore, political support is essential to achieve positive changes within food production and industry. The alarming findings should make decision-makers aware of the problems caused by nutrition transition and encourage them to act, especially if we take into consideration that a small reduction in BMI of at least 1 % can cut down cumulative incidence of cor-onary hearth diseases and diabetes

Matching Metamodels with Semantic Systems - An Experience Report

Abstract: Ontology and schema matching are well established techniques, which have been applied in various integration scenarios, e.g., web service composition and database integration. Consequently, matching tools enabling automatic matching of various kinds of schemas are available. In the field of model-driven engineering, in contrast to schema and ontology integration, the integration of modeling languages relies on manual tasks such as writing model transformation code, which is tedious and error-prone. Therefore, we propose the application of ontology and schema matching techniques for automatically exploring semantic correspondences between metamodels, which are currently the modeling language definitions of choice. The main focus of this paper is on reporting preliminary results and lessons learned by evaluating currently available ontology matching tools for their metamodel matching potential.

MDWEnet: a practical approach to achieving interoperability of model-driven web engineering methods

Current model-driven Web Engineering approaches (such as OO-H, UWE or WebML) provide a set of methods and supporting tools for a systematic design and development of Web applications. Each method addresses different concerns using separate models (content, navigation, presentation, business logic, etc.), and provide model compilers that produce most of the logic and Web pages of the application from these models. However, these proposals also have some limitations, especially for exchanging models or representing further modeling concerns, such as architectural styles, technology independence, or distribution. A possible solution to these issues is provided by making model-driven Web Engineering proposals interoperate, being able to complement each other, and to exchange models between the different tools. MDWEnet is a recent initiative started by a small group of researchers working on model-driven Web Engineering (MDWE). Its goal is to improve current practices and tools for the model-driven development of Web applications for better interoperability. The proposal is based on the strengths of current model-driven Web Engineering methods, and the existing experience and knowledge in the field. This paper presents the background, motivation, scope, and objectives of MDWEnet. Furthermore, it reports on the MDWEnet results and achievements so far, and its future plan of actions

Benchmarking Open-Source Tree Learners in R/RWeka

The two most popular classification tree algorithms in machine learning and statistics - C4.5 and CART - are compared in a benchmark experiment together with two other more recent constant-fit tree learners from the statistics literature (QUEST, conditional inference trees). The study assesses both misclassification error and model complexity on bootstrap replications of 18 different benchmark datasets. It is carried out in the R system for statistical computing, made possible by means of the RWeka package which interfaces R to the open-source machine learning toolbox Weka. Both algorithms are found to be competitive in terms of misclassification error - with the performance difference clearly varying across data sets. However, C4.5 tends to grow larger and thus more complex trees. (author's abstract)Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematic

Significance Tests for the Measure of Raw Agreement

Significance tests for the measure of raw agreement are proposed. First, it is shown that the measure of raw agreement can be expressed as a proportionate reduction-in-error measure, sharing this characteristic with Cohen's Kappa and Brennan and Prediger's Kappa_n. Second, it is shown that the coefficient of raw agreement is linearly related to Brennan and Prediger's Kappa_n. Therefore, using the same base model for the estimation of expected cell frequencies as Brennan and Prediger's Kappa_n, one can devise significance tests for the measure of raw agreement. Two tests are proposed. The first uses Stouffer's Z, a probability pooler. The second test is the binomial test. A data example analyzes the agreement between two psychiatrists' diagnoses. The covariance structure of the agreement cells in a rater by rater table is described. Simulation studies show the performance and power functions of the test statistics. (author's abstract)Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematic

Evaluation and analysis of total flexibility in the production using Monte Carlo simulation

Nearly unpredictable turbulence on an overall economic level, radical changes in the legal framework and a shift in the moral concepts prevailing in the general public emphasize the importance of increased corporate flexibility. Usually, most flexibility measurements suffer from the defect that they are not pecuniary, that interactions between different flexibility dimensions are not considered and that they lack the required relatedness to the respective context. These problems contribute to a large extent to the fact that, when making investment decisions, the value of flexibility is considered but intuitively or insufficiently. Frequently, the results are irrational myopic pseudo decisions. The present work can be regarded as an attempt to design a pecuniary and context-related flexibility measure of three single flexibility dimensions in an extremely simplified framework and under restrictive assumptions. The primary method used is Monte Carlo Simulation. The present study shows that the value of flexibility can be substantive and that taking into account the interactions of various single flexibilities when strategic investments are made can be of great importance. In this paper, we work out the connection between "environmental volatility" and the "value of flexibility". Our work shows a numerically strong positive relation between these two properties. (author's abstract)Series: Working Papers SFB "Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science

aspectUWA - applying aspect-orientation to the model-driven development of ubiquitous Web applications

Zsfassung in dt. SpracheUbiquitous web applications (UWA) are a new type of web applications which are accessed in various contexts, i.e., through different devices, by users with various interests, at anytime from anyplace around the globe. In this respect, customization functionality exploits information on this context of use in order to adapt the application's services accordingly. In web application development, customization is considered a new dimension which increases complexity by "crosscutting" the content, hypertext, and presentation levels of a web application. Hence, from a software engineering point of view, a systematic development of UWAs on the basis of models is crucial. In model-driven engineering (MDE), models are employed "as programs" to (semi-) automatically generate applications, which results in more efficient development processes as well as better maintainability and evolution of software. Customization functionality, however, is typically intermingled with the core functionality in a web application model, having a negative effect on understandability, reuse, maintenance and evolution. The aspect-orientation paradigm provides a new way of modularizing crosscutting concerns such as customization within so-called aspects, as well as the necessary means for composing the previously separated concerns in order to obtain the complete application model. There are already some web modeling approaches dealing with the ubiquitous nature of web applications, amongst them, first proposals to use aspect-orientation. Nevertheless, these approaches suffer from the following problems: First, they don't consider the crosscutting nature of customization comprehensively, but for the hypertext level, only. Second, just very basic aspect-oriented modeling (AOM) concepts are used, resulting in less powerful mechanisms for separating customization. Third, composition of concerns is not regarded for the modeling level. And fourth, model-driven development of UWAs in the sense of MDE is still limited due to missing metamodel specifications and lack of tool support.The overall aim of this thesis is the exhaustive use of aspect-orientation as driving paradigm for comprehensively modeling customization aspect separately from all web application levels as well as providing means for composing the aspect with the web application model. Therefore, this thesis proposes the aspectUWA approach, which suggests a generic framework for extending existing web modeling languages with AOM concepts within the realms of MDE. In the context of this thesis, aspectUWA is applied to the web modeling language WebML, which doesn't allow to separately model customization. The major contributions of this thesis are as follows: (i) A Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) for AOM has been developed to form the aforementioned general framework. (ii) A metamodel for WebML has been semi-automatically generated from an existing DTD-based language specification in order to allow for MDE. (iii) The aspectWebML language has been designed on basis of the CRM and represents WebML's port to AOM allowing for modeling customization separately as well as for composing the customization aspect with the rest of the web application model.(iv) An initial set of guidelines to be used for modeling customization within aspectWebML is proposed. And (v), the aspectWebML Modeling Environment provides the often missing tool support for modeling crosscutting concerns as well as their composition.Ubiquitäre Web-Anwendungen (UWA) stellen speziell auf die aktuelle Situation angepasste Informationen und Dienste zur Verfügung. Diese Anpassung an den aktuellen Kontext, z.B. an verschiedene Endgeräte, Benutzer mit diversen Interessen, deren Aufenthaltsort sowie zeitliche Aspekte, wird als Customization Funktionalität bezeichnet. Die Entwicklung einer UWA unter Berücksichtigung von Customization, die sich quer durch die Kontent-, Hypertext- und Präsentations-Ebenen einer Web-Anwendung zieht, gestaltet sich jedoch äußerst komplex und bedarf einer systematischen Entwicklung auf Basis von Modellen im Sinne des Model-driven Engineerings (MDE). Dabei verspricht MDE effizientere Entwicklungsprozesse sowie bessere Wartbarkeit und Weiterentwicklung von Software durch die semi-automatische Generierung von Software aus Modellen. Im Modell einer Web-Anwendung ist Customization jedoch inhärent mit der Kernfunktionalität vermischt und behindert dadurch die Verständlichkeit, Wiederverwendbarkeit, Wartbarkeit und Weiterentwicklung. Die Aspekt-Orientierung bietet dafür einerseits neue Konzepte um Querschnittsfunktionalität wie Customization in so genannten Aspekten zu modularisieren und andererseits die notwendigen Mechanismen für die Integration dieser separierten Funktionalitäten, um ein verwendbares Gesamtmodell zu erhalten. Einige wenige Web Modellierungssprachen unterstützen bereits die aspekt-orientierte Modellierung (AOM) von Customization jedoch mit folgenden Restriktionen:Erstens wird Customization nur für die Hypertext-Ebene, getrennt von der Kernfunktionalität der Web-Anwendung behandelt. Zweitens werden nur wenige grundlegende Konzepte der AOM eingesetzt, was in limitierten Mechanismen zur Trennung von Customization resultiert. Drittens, wird die spätere Integration der Aspekte in Modelle nicht unterstützt. Und viertens ist die model-getriebene Entwicklung einer UWA im Sinne von MDE aufgrund fehlender Metamodell-Spezifikationen und Werkzeugunterstützung oft nicht möglich.Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist der umfassende Einsatz von AOM Konzepten, um einerseits den Customization Aspekt auf allen Ebenen einer Web-Anwendung getrennt modellieren und andererseits den Aspekt auch wieder mit der Kernfunktionalität integrieren zu können. Als Lösung wird der aspectUWA Ansatz vorgestellt, welcher die Erweiterung existierender Web Modellierungssprachen um AOM Konzepte auf Basis eines generischen Rahmenwerks diskutiert. Die Anwendung des aspectUWA Ansatz wir anhand der Web Modellierungssprache WebML gezeigt. Dabei sind die wesentlichen Beiträge dieser Dissertation: (i) Das so genannte Conceptual Reference Model als generisches Rahmenwerk für die Erweiterung von Web Modellierungssprachen um aspekt-orientierte Modellierungskonzepte. (ii) Eine Metamodell-Spezifikation für WebML, welche semi-automatisch aus einer existierenden Sprachspezifikation auf Basis von DTDs entwickelt wurde. (iii) Die aspectWebML Sprache, die auf dem konzeptuellen Referenzmodell und dem WebML Metamodell aufbauend entwickelt wurde und die Modellierung von Aspekten als auch deren Integration unterstützt. (iv) Richtlinien für die Modellierung von Customization mit aspectWebML. Und (v) die aspectWebML Entwicklungsumgebung als Werkzeugunterstützung für die Modellierung und Integration von Aspekten mit aspectWebML.28

The crisis in the Brazilian prison system: from the Unconstitutional State of Affairs to the structural procedure

O presente trabalho analisa a utilização da teoria dos processos estruturais para o enfrentamento de litígios estruturais relacionados ao sistema carcerário brasileiro. Inicialmente se avalia a origem nas structural injunctions no direito americano, apontando o desenvolvimento da teoria na América Latina a partir desta origem comum. Nesta etapa são estudadas as experiências da Argentina e da Colômbia até a chegada da teoria do Estados de Coisas Inconstitucional no Brasil. Após definir o que é litígio estrutural, apresenta-se conceito de processo estrutural ancorado na teoria da instrumentalidade do processo e com enfoque nos atores processuais que demandam a atuação do Judiciário. Defende-se que as decisões estruturais produzem efeitos diretos e simbólicos. São descritas de maneira exemplificativa as formas de intervenção em litígios estruturais, destacando-se que aquela que mais se amolda às necessidades dos processos estruturais é a negociada. Apresenta-se as principais críticas à utilização do processo estrutural como mecanismo de intervenção em políticas públicas, que acabam por refutadas quando são contrapostas com o modelo dialógico e experimentalista de intervenção. Demonstra-se que as normas processuais vigentes atendem em grande medida às necessidades dos processos estruturais, sem isso significar que uma legislação sobre o assunto seja prescindível. Analisa-se a Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) 347 e a intervenção da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos sobre o sistema carcerário brasileiro, descrevendo os efeitos de referidas intervenções. Estuda-se a experiência estrangeira de intervenção no sistema carcerário em quatro casos concretos, objetivando a identificação de aspectos positivos e negativos. Analisam-se os benefícios e as limitações/riscos da utilização do processo estrutural para a intervenção no sistema carcerário brasileiro, indicando, ao final e de maneira exemplificativa, mecanismos para a potencialização do resultado do julgamento da ADPF 347 na experiência brasileiraThis work analyzes the use of the theory of structural litigation to face structural disputes related to the Brazilian prison system. Initially, the origin of structural injunctions in American law is assessed, pointing out the development of the theory in Latin America from this common origin. In this stage, the experiences of Argentina and Colombia are studied until the arrival of the theory of the Unconstitutional State of Affairs in Brazil. After defining what structural litigation is, the concept of structural process is presented, anchored in the theory of the instrumentality of the process and focusing on the procedural actors that demand the action of the Judiciary. It is argued that structural decisions produce direct and symbolic effects. The forms of intervention in structural disputes are described in an exemplary manner, highlighting that the one that best suits the needs of structural processes is negotiated. The main criticisms of the use of the structural process as an intervention mechanism in public policies are presented, which end up being refuted when contrasted with the dialogical and experimentalist model of intervention. It is demonstrated that the current procedural standards largely meet the needs of structural processes, without meaning that legislation on the subject is unnecessary. The Allegation of Non-Compliance with Fundamental Precept (ADPF) 347 and the intervention of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the Brazilian prison system are analyzed, describing the effects of said interventions. The foreign experience of intervention in the prison system is studied in four specific cases, aiming to identify positive and negative aspects. The benefits and limitations/risks of using the structural process for intervention in the Brazilian prison system are analyzed, indicating, at the end and by way of example, mechanisms mechanisms to enhance the outcome of the ADPF 347 trial in the Brazilian experience