Tax monitoring as an alternative to existing forms of tax control in russia

Introduction: The article deals with the questions of the tax control exercised by tax authorities. Tax control in tax system of any country takes the central place. Essence of tax control is motivation of taxpayers through system of tax sanctions to observance of the tax law and to timely and payment in full of tax payments. Except the main forms of tax control, such as off-site and on-site tax audit, since 2016 a new form of tax control - tax monitoring or "horizontal" monitoring joined into force. The article is devoted to consideration of prospects of tax monitoring. Methods: A methodological basis of research is the dialectic method of knowledge, system approach to the analysis of the considered facts and the phenomena. Research is based on application of methods of the analysis, system and complexity, the factorial analysis, and methods of the structural-functional and statistical analysis. The mentioned methods are used in various combinations at different investigation phases depending on goals and the solved tasks. It promoted ensuring reliability of the carried-out analysis and validity of the conclusions drawn by authors. Results: The main results of studying of forms and methods of tax control are both the absolute measures of examination of tax authorities and relative measures presented in the article. It is impossible to give statistics of efficiency of tax monitoring. Tax monitoring in full joined into force since the beginning of 2016 and therefore statistics of efficiency are absent. Discussion: Tax monitoring is for the first time tested in practice of tax authorities of the Netherlands in 2005. Lately other countries, including the CIS countries - Ukraine, Kazakhstan, etc. also have joined introduction of horizontal monitoring. Opinions of scientists-economists in general are reduced to a positive assessment of this form of tax control that demands confirmation time. Closing statement: Emergence of a new form of tax control does not belittle value of traditional forms of control of observance of the tax law. So far, the small number of taxpayers can be passed to horizontal control because of legislative requirements for the size of the company. Parallel development of different forms of tax control will improve tax climate in the country and will allow creating conditions for creative approach in the taxation

Marketing as the city economic security improvement tool

Maintaining In article the problem of the city economic safety is considered. The city marketing is provided as the tool on attracting necessary economic resources for the current and strategic (innovative) city development. The problem resolution of innovative development is provided through application of cluster approach. Methods In article general scientific research methods such as dialectic knowledge method, analysis and synthesis of the historic and empirical facts, search of causes and effect relationships, factorial analysis were used. Results Recommendations about forming strategy of increasing the city economic safety by applying marketing technologies are formulated. Recommendations about promoting innovative activities using cluster approach are formulated. It is offered to strengthen development of city innovative and production clusters by a vigorous marketing activity. The basic principles of increasing the city economic safety, such as the successful marketing concept, balanced development of the market and public benefits (sectors) in the territory, promoting activities of local community through effective strategic management, development and program implementation of public and private partnership in the field of traditional and innovative business are revealed activity. Discussion Currently optimum marketing strategy for the city is not revealed. The system of factors ensuring high the city economic safety is unique for each territory. Well-known positive influence of strategic management on a city economy, including using marketing technologies. It is proved that cluster approach, active support of innovative activities and effective marketing will allow to increase the city economic safety. Closing statement Commercialization of innovative activities results and promoting interests of the city provides a marketing strategy. Combining various instruments of innovative and strategic planning is a basis of the modern city economic safety. Cluster approach to the organization of innovative social and economic system of the city will be most effectively realized by means of marketing technologies. The high the city economic safety as result is determined by such factor as successful implementation of the city marketing concept

Treatment of ischemic stroke caused by dissection and occlusion of internal carotid artery in a young patient

The type and etiology of stroke in young patients are known to differ from those in elderly patients, that influences the diagnosis and treatment. Dissection of cerebral arteries holds the top position in the structure of the causes of ischemic stroke in children and young people below 45 years. Currently no clear guideline on the proper treatment of this pathology exists. The article presents the case of acute ischemic stroke in a young patient (the stroke was caused by the occlusion due to dissection of the internal carotid artery) successfully treated with radiosurgical method - stenting of the cervical part of the artery with the transition to petrous segment of the left carotid artery using combined proximal and distal protection of cerebral vessels. The control of patient's state and results of angiography and ultrasound demonstrate the favourable immediate and medium-term prognosis for the patient

Perspectives of interregional economic unions and associations in conditions of geopolitical instability

The growing importance of interregional unions and associations in the Russian economy in the period of the current economic transformations has determined the relevance of the research topic. The changes that have been formed in Russia have an indefinite relation to the nature of the processes currently taking place in the Russian economy and in its regions. The determined transition to market relations enabled the regions to independently decide on the directions and forms of their existing resources and put aside the obligation to coordinate all steps with the capital. This, of course, is a prerequisite for the growth of the result of the functioning of the economy of the regions. Obstacles for the movement of goods and services between the subjects of Russia were formed, the process of border and customs control became more complicated. There were difficulties in the work of the railway and automobile junction. These aspects of interregional economic associations are an example of the state of the economy of certain regions, and the aspect of influence on the economy. Due to the lack of own reserves of economic growth of a particular region, the task of inter-regional economic unions and associations is being formed. Therefore, a research on improving and developing such relations in the new economic conditions becomes a viable practical goal, and solving the problem is an important element of the obstacle to crisis situations in the Russian economy and the transition to sustainable economic development

Clinical use of various endovascular stenting techniques in challenging coronary interventions

Aim. Development of an algorithm of actions for stenting of artery stenosis during challenging percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) based on the analysis of the results of different endovascular techniques. Methods. We analyzed the experience of the department of radiologic endovascular diagnosis and treatment of Stavropol regional clinical hospital for endovascular surgical treatment of atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. The study included 317 cases of coronary interventions with technically impossible stent delivery to stenosis by standard method along the front-line guidewire and standard choice of the guide in case of distal TIMI 3 flow. For the study the patients were divided into 3 groups comparable by the number of subjects: 104, 113 and 100 respectively. For each group we determined different stages of enhancing support with consistent step-wise transition. The groups differed by the used methods of enhancing support and consistency of their use. Among other methods of support group 2 included the method of guide change and delivery of the second guidewire of enhanced support. At the same time groups 1 and 3 used these methods separately. Results. The smallest number of unsuccessful interventions was observed in group 2 compared to those of groups 1 and 3. The relative risk indicators also demonstrate the high effectiveness of tactics used in the group 2. Conclusion. The most preferable method for the necessary support when stent delivery distal to stenosis is impossible, is a choice of optimal guide and use of the second guidewire of enhanced support

Dilation of the Infarct-Related Coronary Artery to Reduce the Incidence of the No-Reflow Phenomenon in STEMI Patients

Background: The pathogenesis of slow/no-reflow phenomena is a critical socio-medical problem due to high mortality and work disability rates in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Slow/no-reflow phenomena are multifactorial involving 4 key elements: 1) distal embolization of the coronary bed of the infarct-related coronary artery; 2) ischemic damage to the myocardium; 3) reperfusion injury of the heart muscle; 4) individual (genetic) susceptibility of the microcirculation to injury.   Objective: To analyze the outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in patients with STEMI and TIMI 0 blood flow of an infarct-related coronary artery based on the strategy to restore antegrade blood flow (balloon predilation or dilation of an infarctrelated artery).   Materials and methods: We analyzed treatment outcomes of 209 patients with STEMI and TIMI 0 blood flow. The patients were grouped based on the PCI strategy: group 1 included 147 patients who underwent balloon angioplasty to restore antegrade blood flow, and group 2 included 62 patients who underwent dilation of an infarct-related coronary artery.   Results: Our study found that direct stenting in STEMI patients was associated with statistically significantly lower risk of slow/noreflow phenomena (P = 0.001, Pearson’s χ2) and, as a result, better functional outcomes of treatment (chronic heart failure grade classified according to Strazhesko-Vasilenko and by left ventricular ejection fraction) that were also statistically significant (P = 0.001, Pearson’s χ2).   Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the risk of slow/no-reflow phenomena in patients with TIMI 0 blood flow of an infarctrelated coronary artery was statistically significantly lower (P = .001, Pearson’s χ2) in the group of patients who underwent dilation of an infarct-related coronary artery to restore antegrade blood flow. Functional outcomes (chronic heart failure grade and overall survival) were also better in this group of patients (P = .001, Pearson’s Chi-square). Moreover, dilation of an infarct-related coronary artery was associated with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction compared with the group of patients who underwent balloon angioplasty to restore antegrade blood flow (P < 0.001, Pearson’s χ2)

Symbiotic Legume Nodules Employ Both Rhizobial Exo- and Endo-Hydrogenases to Recycle Hydrogen Produced by Nitrogen Fixation

BACKGROUND: In symbiotic legume nodules, endosymbiotic rhizobia (bacteroids) fix atmospheric N(2), an ATP-dependent catalytic process yielding stoichiometric ammonium and hydrogen gas (H(2)). While in most legume nodules this H(2) is quantitatively evolved, which loss drains metabolic energy, certain bacteroid strains employ uptake hydrogenase activity and thus evolve little or no H(2). Rather, endogenous H(2) is efficiently respired at the expense of O(2), driving oxidative phosphorylation, recouping ATP used for H(2) production, and increasing the efficiency of symbiotic nodule N(2) fixation. In many ensuing investigations since its discovery as a physiological process, bacteroid uptake hydrogenase activity has been presumed a single entity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Azorhizobium caulinodans, the nodule endosymbiont of Sesbania rostrata stems and roots, possesses both orthodox respiratory (exo-)hydrogenase and novel (endo-)hydrogenase activities. These two respiratory hydrogenases are structurally quite distinct and encoded by disparate, unlinked gene-sets. As shown here, in S. rostrata symbiotic nodules, haploid A. caulinodans bacteroids carrying single knockout alleles in either exo- or-endo-hydrogenase structural genes, like the wild-type parent, evolve no detectable H(2) and thus are fully competent for endogenous H(2) recycling. Whereas, nodules formed with A. caulinodans exo-, endo-hydrogenase double-mutants evolve endogenous H(2) quantitatively and thus suffer complete loss of H(2) recycling capability. More generally, from bioinformatic analyses, diazotrophic microaerophiles, including rhizobia, which respire H(2) may carry both exo- and endo-hydrogenase gene-sets. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In symbiotic S. rostrata nodules, A. caulinodans bacteroids can use either respiratory hydrogenase to recycle endogenous H(2) produced by N(2) fixation. Thus, H(2) recycling by symbiotic legume nodules may involve multiple respiratory hydrogenases

Cryo-EM structures of complex I from mouse heart mitochondria in two biochemically defined states.

Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) uses the reducing potential of NADH to drive protons across the energy-transducing inner membrane and power oxidative phosphorylation in mammalian mitochondria. Recent cryo-EM analyses have produced near-complete models of all 45 subunits in the bovine, ovine and porcine complexes and have identified two states relevant to complex I in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Here, we describe the 3.3-Å structure of complex I from mouse heart mitochondria, a biomedically relevant model system, in the 'active' state. We reveal a nucleotide bound in subunit NDUFA10, a nucleoside kinase homolog, and define mechanistically critical elements in the mammalian enzyme. By comparisons with a 3.9-Å structure of the 'deactive' state and with known bacterial structures, we identify differences in helical geometry in the membrane domain that occur upon activation or that alter the positions of catalytically important charged residues. Our results demonstrate the capability of cryo-EM analyses to challenge and develop mechanistic models for mammalian complex I

The Complete Genome Sequence of Thermoproteus tenax: A Physiologically Versatile Member of the Crenarchaeota

Here, we report on the complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeum Thermoproteus tenax (strain Kra 1, DSM 2078(T)) a type strain of the crenarchaeotal order Thermoproteales. Its circular 1.84-megabase genome harbors no extrachromosomal elements and 2,051 open reading frames are identified, covering 90.6% of the complete sequence, which represents a high coding density. Derived from the gene content, T. tenax is a representative member of the Crenarchaeota. The organism is strictly anaerobic and sulfur-dependent with optimal growth at 86 degrees C and pH 5.6. One particular feature is the great metabolic versatility, which is not accompanied by a distinct increase of genome size or information density as compared to other Crenarchaeota. T. tenax is able to grow chemolithoautotrophically (CO2/H-2) as well as chemoorganoheterotrophically in presence of various organic substrates. All pathways for synthesizing the 20 proteinogenic amino acids are present. In addition, two presumably complete gene sets for NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) were identified in the genome and there is evidence that either NADH or reduced ferredoxin might serve as electron donor. Beside the typical archaeal A(0)A(1)-ATP synthase, a membrane-bound pyrophosphatase is found, which might contribute to energy conservation. Surprisingly, all genes required for dissimilatory sulfate reduction are present, which is confirmed by growth experiments. Mentionable is furthermore, the presence of two proteins (ParA family ATPase, actin-like protein) that might be involved in cell division in Thermoproteales, where the ESCRT system is absent, and of genes involved in genetic competence (DprA, ComF) that is so far unique within Archaea

Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel

[EN] Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122: 121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additionalChl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. 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