Restablecimiento de los derechos humanos de la población carcelaria de Riohacha

Los orígenes históricos de la Cárcel del Distrito judicial de Riohacha la Guajira, se remonta al año 1935, cuando estaba bajo la administración del municipio de Riohacha se encontraba ubicada en la calle segunda con carrera séptima, se le daba el nombre de "Cárcel de Papillon", porque según cuenta la historia allí fue recluido por algún tiempo el francés HENRY CHARRIERE, alias "PAPILLON", quien se fugó de ella, en 1979 tomo la administración de ella el gobierno nacional, cuando ya sus instalaciones habían sido trasladadas a la calle 9 NO-17-13actual sitio. Debido al hacinamiento existente, hay condiciones extremas de insalubridad. El penal tiene una capacidad para 92 reclusos, a la fecha 28 agosto del 2015 fecha en la cual se tomó como referencia para nuestro proyecto de grado el centro penitenciario contaba con 580 reclusos, lo cual tiene incidencia en que las condiciones de alojamiento, disposición de excretas, suministros de agua y condiciones higiénicos-sanitarias, se encuentra en grave estado de precariedad. Esto representa un alto riesgo para la salud de la población carcelaria, guardias, familiares y personas que por alguna u otra razón ingresan al penal. En la actualidad la infraestructura del área de sanidad y comedor se encuentra en muy estado y no cumple con las normas mínimas para su habilitación, los pisos no cuentan con asepsia necesarias, dichas áreas están siendo utilizadas por los internos para estancia de dormitorios. El elevado hacinamiento en el Establecimiento Penitenciario de Mediana Seguridad y Carcelaria de Riohacha es un factor determinante y causa directa de la sistemática violación de los derechos humanos fundamentales de las personas privadas de su libertad, respecto de las cuales el Estado Colombiano ostenta una posición de garantía y por lo mismo se encuentra en el deber de garantizar el goce efectivo de aquellos derechos que no pueden suspenderse por el solo hecho de una condena penal, por cuanto son los mínimos que permiten proteger la dignidad del ser humano como fin en sí mismo y garantizar su debida resocialización La libertad individual como derecho fundamental no solamente es sustancia de la vida misma sino pilar fundamental de la vida en sociedad; por esta razón, este derecho está garantizado constitucional, internacional y legalmente, de allí que se le proteja de manera especialísima con derechos de igual categoría como el de presunción de inocencia y del debido proceso

We have already heard that the treatment doesn't do anything, so why should we take it?: A mixed method perspective on Chagas disease knowledge, attitudes, prevention, and treatment behaviour in the Bolivian Chaco

Author summary Chagas disease (CD) is caused by infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is on the list of the most neglected tropical diseases on Earth. It has become an international health issue affecting 6-7 million people worldwide, mainly in Latin America. We performed a qualitative and quantitative study in Monteagudo, Bolivia, in order to paint an overall picture of CD in one of the most afflicted regions in the world: the Bolivian Chaco. Community members and key informants, such as patients and healthcare staff helped us to understand their current situation. Even after a large health campaign, persistent knowledge gaps, misconceptions and structural barriers were identified, leading to normalization and acceptance of CD and its social consequences. Relevant findings included the broad use of ivermectin for CD treatment without scientific evidence. We also found that misinterpretations of serologic test results contribute to a critical attitude towards biomedical treatment that is stopping patients from seeking treatment. With this research we aim to update the data on current knowledge and to analyse remaining barriers for transmission control and treatment, in order to focus future interventions and advocate for patient's rights. Background: Chagas disease (CD) is highly endemic in the Bolivian Chaco. The municipality of Monteagudo has been targeted by national interventions as well as by Medecins Sans Frontieres to reduce infection rates, and to decentralize early diagnosis and treatment. This study seeks to determine the knowledge and attitudes of a population with increased awareness and to identify remaining factors and barriers for sustained vector control, health care seeking behaviour, and access, in order to improve future interventions. Methodology/Principal findings A cross-sectional survey was conducted among approximately 10% (n = 669) of the municipality of Monteagudo's households that were randomly selected. Additionally, a total of 14 in-depth interviews and 2 focus group discussions were conducted with patients and key informants. Several attitudes and practices were identified that could undermine effective control against (re-)infection. Knowledge of clinical symptoms and secondary prevention was limited, and revealed specific misconceptions. Although 76% of the participants had been tested for CD, only 18% of those who tested positive concluded treatment with benznidazole (BNZ). Sustained positive serologies after treatment led to perceived ineffectiveness of BNZ. Moreover, access barriers such as direct as well as indirect costs, BNZ stock-outs and a fear of adverse reactions triggered by other community members made patients opt for alternative treatments against CD such as veterinary ivermectin, used by 28% of infected participants in our study. The lack of accessible care for chronic complications as well as socioeconomic consequences, such as the exclusion from both job opportunities and bank loans contributed to the ongoing burden of CD. Conclusions/Significance Large scale interventions should be accompanied by operational research in order to identify misconceptions and unintended consequences early on, to generate accessible data for future interventions, and for rigorous evaluation. An integrated, community-based approach tackling social determinants and including both traditional and animal health sectors might help to overcome current barriers and advocate for patients' rights

Ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030: Time to reset targets for 2025.

Paul De Lay and co-authors introduce a Collection on the design of targets for ending the AIDS epidemic

Consistent Dust and Gas Models for Protoplanetary Disks. III. Models for Selected Objects from the FP7 DIANA Project

The European FP7 project DIANA has performed a coherent analysis of a large set of observational data of protoplanetary disks by means of thermo-chemical disk models. The collected data include extinction-corrected stellar UV and X-ray input spectra (as seen by the disk), photometric fluxes, low and high resolution spectra, interferometric data, emission line fluxes, line velocity profiles and line maps, which probe the dust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the gas in these objects. We define and apply a standardized modeling procedure to fit these data by state-of-the-art modeling codes (ProDiMo, MCFOST, MCMax), solving continuum and line radiative transfer (RT), disk chemistry, and the heating and cooling balance for both the gas and the dust. 3D diagnostic RT tools (e.g., FLiTs) are eventually used to predict all available observations from the same disk model, the DIANA-standard model. Our aim is to determine the physical parameters of the disks, such as total gas and dust masses, the dust properties, the disk shape, and the chemical structure in these disks. We allow for up to two radial disk zones to obtain our best-fitting models that have about 20 free parameters. This approach is novel and unique in its completeness and level of consistency. It allows us to break some of the degeneracies arising from pure Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) modeling. In this paper, we present the results from pure SED fitting for 27 objects and from the all inclusive DIANA-standard models for 14 objects. Our analysis shows a number of Herbig Ae and T Tauri stars with very cold and massive outer disks which are situated at least partly in the shadow of a tall and gas-rich inner disk. The disk masses derived are often in excess to previously published values, since these disks are partially optically thick even at millimeter wavelength and so cold that they emit less than in the Rayleigh–Jeans limit. We fit most infrared to millimeter emission line fluxes within a factor better than 3, simultaneously with SED, PAH features and radial brightness profiles extracted from images at various wavelengths. However, some line fluxes may deviate by a larger factor, and sometimes we find puzzling data which the models cannot reproduce. Some of these issues are probably caused by foreground cloud absorption or object variability. Our data collection, the fitted physical disk parameters as well as the full model output are available to the community through an online database (http://www.univie.ac.at/diana)

Tids- och plattformsoberoende dokumentlagring

Det finns ett behov idag i företag/organisationer att kunna hantera sina dokument plattformsoberoende. De vill kunna använda sina dokument på ett effektivt sätt med hjälp av IT-tekniken. Bland de språk som erbjuder denna möjligheten är SGML, Standard Generalized Markup Language, och XML, eXtensible Markup Language, som är beskrivningsspråk för att strukturera sina dokument. Uppsatsen beskriver kort SGML/XML. Vidare tar uppsatsen upp några av de konsekvenser ett införande av SGML/XML medför för ett företag/en organisation. Tillvägagångssättet har varit att studera SGML/XML samt att genomföra intervjuer med några utvalda företag/organisationer som arbetar med SGML. Insamlat material har sammanställts och bearbetats. De slutsatser som dragits är att ett införande av SGML/XML i dagsläget är en lång process som är förenad med höga initialkostnader. Erfarenheterna är dock mest positiva hos de intervjuade företagen. En viktig faktor för företag/organisationer att införa SGML/XML är deras krav på att kunna presentera sin dokumentation på olika typer av media. SGML/XML är väl lämpat för detta ändamål med den skillnaden att XML är bättre lämpad för web-publicering än SGM

“LA EVASIÒN FISCAL EN EL IMPUESTO SOBRE LA RENTA EN MEXICO”

Esta tesis no contiene introducción y/o resume