Emergence of an environmental citizenship in Senegalese rural areas: local development initiatives by the Fannabara association in Missirah (Fatick, Senegal) / Émergence d’une écocitoyenneté en milieu rural sénégalais : initiatives de gouvernance locale de la biodiversité par l’Association Fannabara à Missirah (Région de Fatick, Sénégal)

In Missirah, a village in Senegal, a group of young ecologists who are part of an association called Fannabara, developed initiatives with the objective of restoring deteriorating ecosystems and promoting local culture. Along with the many numerous to their credit, in cooperation with partners such as the IUCN and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Fannabara is trying to establish itself as a framework within which the interests of the Missirah communities can be defended. The projects undertaken are in line with a perspective that promotes public-awareness, education and actions for a sustainable development. The project is dependent on obtaining the necessary resources to meet the ecological, economic, social and cultural challenges faced in Missirah. This research shows that the decentralization and accountability context for community-level players – associated with the changes taking place in rural areas, namely as they relate to the participation of populations in the governance of biodiversity – has greatly contributed to the promotion of new local development dynamics. ******* À Missirah, village du Sénégal, des initiatives ont été développées par un groupe de jeunes écologistes regroupés au sein de l’association Fannabara. Leurs objectifs visent la restauration des écosystèmes en dégradation et la promotion de la culture locale. Tout en comptant à son actif de nombreuses réalisations, avec des partenaires comme l’UICN et le Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial (FEM), Fannabara cherche à se positionner comme le cadre de défense des intérêts des populations de Missirah. Les projets initiés s’inscrivent dans une perspective de sensibilisation, d’éducation et d’actions pour un environnement durable. Le tout étant conditionné par l’obtention de moyens permettant de les réaliser pour répondre aux défis écologiques, économiques, sociaux et culturels à Missirah. Cette recherche montre que le contexte de décentralisation et de responsabilisation des acteurs à la base, associé aux mutations dans les zones rurales, notamment dans leurs dimensions liées à la participation des populations dans la gouvernance de la biodiversité, ont grandement favorisé les nouvelles dynamiques de développement local

Emergence of an environmental citizenship in Senegalese rural areas: local development initiatives by the Fannabara association in Missirah (Fatick, Senegal)

In Missirah, a village in Senegal, a group of young ecologists who are part of an association called Fannabara, developed initiatives with the objective of restoring deteriorating ecosystems and promoting local culture. Along with the many numerous to their credit, in cooperation with partners such as the IUCN and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Fannabara is trying to establish itself as a framework within which the interests of the Missirah communities can be defended. The projects undertaken are in line with a perspective that promotes public-awareness, education and actions for a sustainable development. The project is dependent on obtaining the necessary resources to meet the ecological, economic, social and cultural challenges faced in Missirah. This research shows that the decentralization and accountability context for community-level players – associated with the changes taking place in rural areas, namely as they relate to the participation of populations in the governance of biodiversity – has greatly contributed to the promotion of new local development dynamics.À Missirah, village du Sénégal, des initiatives ont été développées par un groupe de jeunes écologistes regroupés au sein de l’association Fannabara. Leurs objectifs visent la restauration des écosystèmes en dégradation et la promotion de la culture locale. Tout en comptant à son actif de nombreuses réalisations, avec des partenaires comme l’UICN et le Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial (FEM), Fannabara cherche à se positionner comme le cadre de défense des intérêts des populations de Missirah. Les projets initiés s’inscrivent dans une perspective de sensibilisation, d’éducation et d’actions pour un environnement durable. Le tout étant conditionné par l’obtention de moyens permettant de les réaliser pour répondre aux défis écologiques, économiques, sociaux et culturels à Missirah. Cette recherche montre que le contexte de décentralisation et de responsabilisation des acteurs à la base, associé aux mutations dans les zones rurales, notamment dans leurs dimensions liées à la participation des populations dans la gouvernance de la biodiversité, ont grandement favorisé les nouvelles dynamiques de développement local.En Missirah, una aldea de Senegal, un grupo de jóvenes ecologistas que forman parte de una asociación llamada Fannabara, desarrolló iniciativas con el objetivo de restaurar los deteriorados ecosistemas y promover la cultura local. Contando en su haber con numerosas realizaciones, en cooperación con socios como el IUCN y el Fondo Mundial para el Medio Ambiente (FMMA), Fannabara está tratando de establecerse como un marco dentro del cual los intereses de las comunidades de Missirah puedan ser defendidas. Los proyectos emprendidos están en consonancia con una perspectiva que promueve la concienciación pública, la educación y las acciones para un desarrollo sostenible. El proyecto depende de obtener los recursos necesarios para enfrentarse a los desafíos ecológicos, económicos, sociales y culturales en Missirah. Esta investigación muestra que el contexto de descentralización y responsabilidad de los actores a nivel de la comunidad, asociado a los cambios que tienen lugar en áreas rurales, particularmente en lo referente a su relación con la participación de las poblaciones en el gobierno de la biodiversidad, ha contribuido mucho a la promoción de nuevas dinámicas de desarrollo local

Red wine polyphenols prevent metabolic and cardiovascular alterations associated with obesity in Zucker fatty rats (Fa/Fa)

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Investigating the association between diet and infection with Trichomonas gallinae in the European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur)

Trichomonas gallinae, a protozoan parasite infecting a wide range of birds, has been a cause 3 for conservation concern since its recognition as an emerging infectious disease, having had 4 notable impacts on several avian species, including causing widespread mortality in 5 greenfinches (Chloris chloris), and chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs), and hindering the recovery 6 of the endangered pink pigeon (Nesoenas mayeri). Horizontal transmission between birds 7 congregating at feeding sites, such as those provided for conservation and species management 8 purposes, is an important driver in the spread of T. galliane. Supplementary feeding is a key 9 conservation intervention for the European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur), which is declining 10 across its range, driven at least partially by a loss of natural food resources. Due to the link 11 between T. gallinae transmission and supplementary feeding, we consider the prevalence of 12 this parasite amongst European turtle dove in relation to diet, in the first study to analyse these 13 two factors in the decline of this species together. Using birds sampled from breeding and 14 wintering grounds, the dietary composition of individuals was compared to the presence of T. 15 gallinae, and specific T. gallinae strains. Dietary variation was summarised into two axes using 16 detrended correspondence analysis, neither were associated with the presence of T. gallinae, 17 or any specific strains. The proportion of diet accounted for by cultivated seeds did not affect 18 parasite presence, despite the spread of this parasite being associated with supplementary 19 feeding due to an increase in contact between potentially infected and uninfected birds 20 gathering at high densities at feeding sites. Significant dietary overlap was observed between 21 infected and uninfected individuals in all sites, with almost complete dietary overlap being 22 observed in one breeding site. The level of dietary overlap between individuals infected with 23 specific strains fluctuated between sampling seasons, indicating no consistent relationship 24 between diet and infection status

Management of Solid-pseudopapillary Neoplasms of the Pancreas: a Comparison with Standard Pancreatic Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) of the pancreas are increasingly diagnosed, but the exact surgical management in terms of extent of the resection is not well defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients operated on in our hospital between January 1993 and March 2005 formed the study groups. RESULTS: From 659 consecutive resections for pancreatic neoplasms, 12 female patients (1.8%) with a median age of 21 years who underwent resection for (SPN) are compared with the remaining 647 pancreatic resection patients. Jaundice (SPN 0 versus PR 73%, p < 0.001) and weight loss (SPN 0 versus PR 49%, p = 0.001) occurred significantly less often. Neoplasms were distributed equally among the pancreatic head (SPN 5 out of 12 patients versus PR 88%, p < 0.001) and corpus/tail (SPN 6 out of 12 patients versus PR 8%, p < 0.001). The operative time was significantly shorter (SPN 233 min versus PR 280 min, p = 0.012), and there were significantly fewer complications (SPN 1 of 12 patients versus PR 48%, p = 0.007). The mortality was not different (SPN 0 versus PR 1.6%, p = 1.000), and the hospital stay was significantly shorter (SPN 9 days versus PR 15 days, p = 0.012). The median size of the neoplasms was significantly larger (SPN 6.9 cm versus PR 2.5 cm). The median number of lymph nodes harvested was significantly fewer (SPN 1 versus PR 6, p = 0.001), and lymph node metastases occurred significantly less often (SPN 0 versus PR 64%, p < 0.001). The 5-year survival of SPN patients was 100% and is significantly better compared with survival of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (12%, p < 0.001) and ampulla of Vater adenocarcinoma (22%, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas present differently and the course of the disease is more benign. These patients can be adequately managed by pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy or spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with excellent early and long-term result

The potential for quality assurance systems to save costs and lives:the case of early infant diagnosis of HIV

OBJECTIVES: Scaling up of point-of-care testing (POCT) for early infant diagnosis of HIV (EID) could reduce the large gap in infant testing. However, suboptimal POCT EID could have limited impact and potentially high avoidable costs. This study models the cost-effectiveness of a quality assurance system to address testing performance and screening interruptions, due to, for example, supply stockouts, in Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe, with varying HIV epidemics and different health systems. METHODS: We modelled a quality assurance system-raised EID quality from suboptimal levels: that is, from misdiagnosis rates of 5%, 10% and 20% and EID testing interruptions in months, to uninterrupted optimal performance (98.5% sensitivity, 99.9% specificity). For each country, we estimated the 1-year impact and cost-effectiveness (US$/DALY averted) of improved scenarios in averting missed HIV infections and unneeded HIV treatment costs for false-positive diagnoses. RESULTS: The modelled 1-year costs of a national POCT quality assurance system range from US$ 69 359 in South Africa to US$334 341 in Zimbabwe. At the country level, quality assurance systems could potentially avert between 36 and 711 missed infections (i.e. false negatives) per year and unneeded treatment costs between US$ 5808 and US$ 739 030. CONCLUSIONS: The model estimates adding effective quality assurance systems are cost-saving in four of the five countries within the first year. Starting EQA requires an initial investment but will provide a positive return on investment within five years by averting the costs of misdiagnoses and would be even more efficient if implemented across multiple applications of POCT

PATOGENICIDADE DE ESPÉCIES DE Macrophomina COLETADAS DE PLANTAS DANINHAS EM FEIJÃO-CAUPI

[PT] A podridão de carvão causada por Macrophomina phaseolina é uma das principais doenças do feijão-caupi, causando perdas substanciais para os produtores. Na região semiárida do Brasil, o feijão-caupi é uma das alternativas utilizadas para rotação de culturas durante a entressafra do melão. Isso favorece a multiplicação de Macrophomina, uma vez que ambas as culturas são hospedeiras desse patógeno. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a patogenicidade em caupi de Macrophomina phaseolina e M. pseudophaseolina em caupi. Isolados de Macrophomina spp. obtidos das raízes de Trianthema portulacastrum e Boerhavia diffusa, espécies de plantas daninhas prevalentes em áreas de produção de melão no Nordeste brasileiro foram utilizadas neste estudo. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação. Plantas de feijão-caupi 'Paulistinha' foram inoculados com 30 isolados de M. phaseolina, 30 isolados de M. pseudophaseolina e um isolado de referência de M. phaseolina obtido de raízes de feijão-caupi. Todos os isolados de Macrophomina foram patogênicos ao feijão-caupi, não havendo diferenças estatísticas entre as duas espécies de Macrophomina em relação à incidência e severidade da doença. Além disso, 65,2 e 100,0% dos isolados de M. phaseolina, e 56,2 e 92,8% dos isolados de M. pseudophaseolina, obtidos de T. portulacastrum e B. diffusa, respectivamente, foram tão severos ao feijão-caupi quanto o isolado de referência. Esses resultados enfatizam a necessidade de estabelecer práticas de manejo visando o controle de T. portucalastrum e B. diffusa nas áreas de produção de feijão-caupi, pois podem atuar como fontes de inóculo e sobrevivência para Macrophomina spp.[EN] Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is a major cowpea disease causing substantial losses to growers. In the semi-arid region of Brazil, cowpea is one of the most widely used alternatives for crop rotation during the off-season of melon. This favors Macrophomina multiplication because both crops are hosts of this pathogen. The objective of this study was to verify the pathogenicity of Macrophomina phaseolina and M. pseudophaseolina on cowpea. The Macrophomina spp. isolates used were obtained from the roots of Trianthema portulacastrum and Boerhavia diffusa, weed species prevalent in melon production areas in North-east Brazilian The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. Cowpea plants cv. Paulistinha' were inoculated with 30 M. phaseolina isolates, 30 M. pseudophaseolina isolates and a reference isolate of H. phaseolina obtained from cowpea roots. All Macrophomina isolates were able to cause disease on cowpea and there were no statistical differences between both Macrophomina species regarding disease incidence and severity. Moreover, 65.2 and 100.0% of the M. phaseolina isolates, and 56.2 and 92.8% of the M. pseudophaseolina isolates, obtained from T. portulacastrum and B. diffusa, respectively, were as severe to cowpea as the M. phaseolina reference isolate from cowpea. These results emphasize the need to establish management practices aiming to control T. portucalastrum and B. diffusa from cowpea production areas, as they can act as potential sources of inoculum and survival for Macrophomina spp.This study was partially financed by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior -Brazil (CAPES) -Finance Code 001 and by the Conselho Nacional de desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq).Sales Jr., R.; Nogueira, A.; Mitsa Paiva Negreiros, A.; Rodrigues, T.; De Queiroz, M.; Armengol Fortí, J. (2020). PATHOGENICITY OF Macrophomina SPECIES COLLECTED FROM WEEDS IN COWPEA. Revista Caatinga. 33(2):395-401. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n212rcS395401332Ambrósio, M. M. Q., Dantas, A. C. A., Martínez-Perez, E., Medeiros, A. C., Nunes, G. H. S., & Picó, M. B. (2015). Screening a variable germplasm collection of Cucumis melo L. for seedling resistance to Macrophomina phaseolina. Euphytica, 206(2), 287-300. doi:10.1007/s10681-015-1452-xFreitas, F. C. L., Medeiros, V. F. L. P., Grangeiro, L. C., Silva, M. G. O., Nascimento, P. G. M. L., & Nunes, G. H. (2009). Interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura do feijão-caupi. Planta Daninha, 27(2), 241-247. doi:10.1590/s0100-83582009000200005Gomes-Silva, F., Almeida, C. M. A., Silva, A. G., Leão, M. P. C., Silva, K. P., Oliveira, L. G., … Lima, V. L. M. (2017). Genetic Diversity of Isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina Associated with Cowpea from Brazil Semi-Arid Region. Journal of Agricultural Science, 9(11), 112. doi:10.5539/jas.v9n11p112Gupta, G. K., Sharma, S. K., & Ramteke, R. (2012). Biology, Epidemiology and Management of the Pathogenic Fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid with Special Reference to Charcoal Rot of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Journal of Phytopathology, 160(4), 167-180. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2012.01884.xKaur, S., Dhillon, G. S., Brar, S. K., Vallad, G. E., Chand, R., & Chauhan, V. B. (2012). Emerging phytopathogenMacrophomina phaseolina: biology, economic importance and current diagnostic trends. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 38(2), 136-151. doi:10.3109/1040841x.2011.640977Machado, A. R., Pinho, D. B., Soares, D. J., Gomes, A. A. M., & Pereira, O. L. (2018). Bayesian analyses of five gene regions reveal a new phylogenetic species of Macrophomina associated with charcoal rot on oilseed crops in Brazil. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 153(1), 89-100. doi:10.1007/s10658-018-1545-1Mbaye, N., Mame, P. S., Ndiaga, C., & Ibrahima, N. (2015). Is the recently described Macrophomina pseudophaseolina pathogenically different from Macrophomina phaseolina? African Journal of Microbiology Research, 9(45), 2232-2238. doi:10.5897/ajmr2015.7742Negreiros, A. M. P., Sales Júnior, R., León, M., Melo, N. J., Michereff, S. J., Ambrósio, M. M., … Armengol, J. (2019). Identification and pathogenicity of Macrophomina species collected from weeds in melon fields in Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Phytopathology, 167(6), 326-337. doi:10.1111/jph.12801Negreiros, A. M. P., Júnior, R. S., Rodrigues, A. P. M. S., León, M., & Armengol, J. (2019). Prevalent weeds collected from cucurbit fields in Northeastern Brazil reveal new species diversity in the genusMonosporascus. Annals of Applied Biology, 174(3), 349-363. doi:10.1111/aab.12493Ramos, H. M. M., Bastos, E. A., Andrade Júnior, A. S. de, & Marouelli, W. A. (2012). Estratégias ótimas de irrigação do feijão‑caupi para produção de grãos verdes. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 47(4), 576-583. doi:10.1590/s0100-204x2012000400014Reis, E. M., Boaretto, C., & Danelli, A. L. D. (2014). Macrophomina phaseolina: density and longevity of microsclerotia in soybean root tissues and free on the soil, and competitive saprophytic ability. Summa Phytopathologica, 40(2), 128-133. doi:10.1590/0100-5405/1921Rocha, M. de M., Carvalho, K. J. M. de, Freire Filho, F. R., Lopes, Â. C. de A., Gomes, R. L. F., & Sousa, I. da S. (2009). Controle genético do comprimento do pedúnculo em feijão-caupi. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 44(3), 270-275. doi:10.1590/s0100-204x2009000300008Sales Junior, R., Oliveira, O. F. de, Medeiros, É. V. de, Guimarães, I. M., Correia, K. C., & Michereff, S. J. (2012). Ervas daninhas como hospedeiras alternativas de patógenos causadores do colapso do meloeiro. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 43(1), 195-198. doi:10.1590/s1806-66902012000100024Sales Júnior, R., Rodrigues, A. P. M. dos S., Negreiros, A. M. P., Ambrósio, M. M. de Q., Barboza, H. da S., & Beltrán, R. (2019). WEEDS AS POTENTIAL HOSTS FOR FUNGAL ROOT PATHOGENS OF WATERMELON. Revista Caatinga, 32(1), 1-6. doi:10.1590/1983-21252019v32n101rcFrancisco, de A. S. e S., & Carlos, A. V. de A. (2016). The Assistat Software Version 7.7 and its use in the analysis of experimental data. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(39), 3733-3740. doi:10.5897/ajar2016.11522Silva, M. G. O. da, Freitas, F. C. L. de, Negreiros, M. Z. de, Mesquita, H. C. de, Santana, F. A. O. de, & Lima, M. F. P. de. (2013). Manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura da melancia nos sistemas de plantio direto e convencional. Horticultura Brasileira, 31(3), 494-499. doi:10.1590/s0102-05362013000300025Zhao, L., Cai, J., He, W., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Macrophomina vaccinii sp. nov. causing blueberry stem blight in China. MycoKeys, 55, 1-14. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.55.3501

The role of cultivated versus wild seeds in the diet of European turtle doves (Streptopelia turtur) across European breeding and African wintering grounds

Agricultural intensification is a major driver in species declines, with changes in land use resulting in widespread alteration of resource availability. An increase in anthropogenic food resources, alongside decreasing natural resources, has resulted in species undergoing dietary changes that can have important ecological consequences, particularly for declining species. Here we use high-throughput sequencing to analyze the diet of the migrant European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur), a species that has experienced significant population decline throughout its European range. We analyze the diet of this species on both breeding and wintering grounds to gain an understanding of resource use throughout the annual cycle and compare areas of more and less intensive agriculture in western and eastern Europe, respectively. We examine associations with body condition, spatiotemporal variation and the source of food (wild or cultivated). We identified 121 taxonomic units in the diet, with significant variation across sampling seasons, and very little overlap between the breeding and wintering seasons, as well as high levels of cultivated food resources in the diet of turtle doves in both breeding and wintering grounds, with the highest proportion of wild seeds in the diet occurring in birds caught in Hungary, where agricultural intensity was lowest. We detected no association between body condition and the consumption of cultivated food resources. We demonstrate the importance of wild resources in birds on the wintering grounds as they approach migration, where body condition increased as the season progressed, concurrent with an increased consumption of wild seeds. These findings indicate the importance of habitats rich in wild seeds and the need to consider food availability on the wintering grounds, as well as the breeding grounds in turtle dove conservation strategies

Quantitative Analysis of Vasodilatory Action of Quercetin on Intramural Coronary Resistance Arteries of the Rat In Vitro

Background: Dietary quercetin improves cardiovascular health, relaxes some vascular smooth muscle and has been demonstrated to serve as a substrate for the cyclooxygenase enzyme. Aims: 1. To test quantitatively a potential direct vasodilatory effect on intramural coronary resistance artery segments, in different concentrations. 2. To scale vasorelaxation at different intraluminal pressure loads on such vessels of different size. 3. To test the potential role of prostanoids in vasodilatation induced by quercetin. Methods: Coronary arterioles (70-240 mu m) were prepared from 24 rats and pressurized in PSS, using a pressure microangiometer. Results: The spontaneous tone that developed at 50 mmHg was relaxed by quercetin in the 10(-9) moles/lit concentration (p<0.05), while 10(-5) moles/lit caused full relaxation. Significant relaxation was observed at all pressure levels (10-100 mmHg) at 10(-7) moles/lit concentration of quercetin. The cyclooxygenase blocker indomethacin (10(-5) moles/lit) induced no relaxation but contraction when physiological concentrations of quercetin were present in the tissue bath (p<0.02 with Anova), this contraction being more prominent in smaller vessels and in the higher pressure range (p<0.05, Pearson correlation). A further 2-8% contraction could be elicited by the NO blocker L-NAME (10(-4) moles/lit). Conclusion: These results demonstrate that circulating levels of quercetin (10(-7) moles/lit) exhibit a substantial coronary vasodilatory effect. The extent of it is commeasurable with that of several other physiological mechanisms of coronary blood flow control. At least part of this relaxation is the result of an altered balance toward the production of endogenous vasodilatory prostanoids in the coronary arteriole wall