Comportamiento del gasto primario en Colombia: una evidencia empírica

This paper presents empirical evidence on the relationship between public expenditure and economic growth, in Colombia for the period (1905- 2010) under the methodology know as times series, addressing two major approaches: endogeneity and exogeneity. The first states that spending is endogenous, procyclical, elastic against the product, while the second is considered exogenous and countercyclical. The first perspective is known in economic literature as Wagner´s Law, and the second follows a Keynesian behavior. However, it is important to note that under these two scenarios, it is possible to have a mixed approach, the characteristics of which are due to endogenous and countercyclical behavior of government spending to GDP. The results suggest that the series are not stationary, i.e. they are integrated of order one. For its part, the Johansen cointegration´s test indicates the existence of a long-term relationship between GDP and public expenditure. In addition, there is a strong support for the Wagner´s Law, because the direction of causality runs from GDP to public spending, and the elasticity coefficients are positive and significant.Este documento presenta evidencia empírica sobre la relación entre el gasto público y el crecimiento económico en Colombia, para el periodo (1905-2010), bajo la metodología conocida como series de tiempo. Allí, se abordan dos grandes enfoques: el de endogeneidad y el de exogeneidad. El primero, afirma que el gasto es endógeno, elástico y procíclico frente al producto, mientras que el segundo lo considera exógeno y contracíclico. La primera perspectiva es conocida en la literatura económica como Ley de Wagner y, la segunda, obedece a un comportamiento keynesiano. No obstante, es importante subrayar que bajo estos dos escenarios se hace posible la existencia de un enfoque mixto, cuyas características obedecen a un comportamiento endógeno y contracíclico del gasto público frente al producto interno bruto (PIB). Los resultados sugieren que las series no son estacionarias, esto es, que son integradas de orden uno. Por su parte, el test de Cointegración de Johansen indica la existencia de una relación de largo plazo entre el PIB y el gasto público. Además, se encuentra un fuerte respaldo a la Ley de Wagner, debido a que la dirección de causalidad va del PIB al gasto público y los coeficientes de elasticidad son positivos y significativos

Evaluation of analytical strategies for quantifying selected polyphenols in feed production: from ingredient to fish.

Polyphenols are an extensive group of compounds with important antioxidant properties, whose industrial use has shown a continuous increase in the last years. Their utilization in aquaculture is becoming progressively frequent, mainly for ameliorating the detrimental effects of the oxidative stress on fish. Their application for the partial or total replacement of the synthetic antioxidants is limited, despite numerous claims of similar, and in some cases, better performance than commonly used synthetic compounds as BHT and BHA. For the safe and efficient use of polyphenols in aquaculture, adequate analytical methods are needed, a task that is challenging due to their diversity in nature, instability, and the variety of matrices involved in the production process of the fish. This work aims at analyzing quantitatively six selected polyphenols in various stages of a fish farming process for salmon. Simple extraction methods for the selected polyphenols were developed for different matrices: antioxidant ingredient, fish feed and fish tissue, and further quantification by LC-MS/MS was conducted, allowing the monitoring of the content of polyphenols from the antioxidant ingredient to the fish tissue. The main polyphenols quantified in fish feed ingredients, fish diets at different production stages, and fish organs were hydroxytyrosol, carnosol, gallic acid and carnosic acid. Additionally, other related components, presumably 12-O-methyl carnosic acid, rosmanol and rosmarinic acid, were detected and semi-quantified by using the standards that closely resemble their chemical structure. This is the first study monitoring the levels of natural polyphenol antioxidants from fish ingredients and diet production to fish organs.Master's Thesis in Quality in the Analytical LaboratoryQAL399BJMAMN-QAL

Error Correction Model for Energy Consumption – GDP relationship in Colombia 1970 - 2009

En este artículo se presenta evidencia empírica sobre la relación entre el consumo de energía y el PIB para Colombia, durante el periodo 1970-2009. Los resultados muestran que las series son no estacionarias; es decir, son I (1) de manera individual, adicionalmente, existe una relación de largo plazo entre dichas variables. A través de un VECM se estiman las elasticidades de corto y largo plazo para analizar la dinámica de ajuste. Los resultados muestran que en el corto plazo se mantiene la hipótesis de conservación pero que a largo plazo se evidencia una retroalimentación entre ambas variables. Se concluye que en Colombia no se evidencia una relación de consumo de energía y PIB en el corto plazo, por tanto, los hacedores de política pueden implementar estrategias encaminadas a la conservación de la energíaThis paper presents empirical evidence on the relationship between energy consumption and GDP in Colombia during the period 1970 to 2009. The results show that the series are not stationary, i.e. are individually I (1); in addition we find a long term relationship between both variables. Through a VECM we estimate short and long term elasticities to analyze the dynamics of adjustment. The results show that in the short-term the conservation hypothesis holds (i.e. no evidence of a short-term relationship of energy consumption to GDP). In the long-term, however, we find evidence of a feedback mechanism between both variables. Yet, this paper provides evidence that policymakers can implement policies aimed at energy conservation without hurting economic growt

Inteligencia artificial aplicada al estudio de imágenes satelitales

The boom that algorithms based on artificial intelligence have had allowed machines to be able to predict behaviors, evaluate actions and perform analyzes of millions of data in a matter of seconds. The article aims to explore the great potential of image-based artificial intelligence algorithms that implement object-based classification methods and apply them in the study of satellite data.  El auge que han tenido los algoritmos basados en inteligencia artificial han permitido que las maquinas sean capaces de predecir comportamientos, evaluar acciones y realizar análisis de millones de datos en cuestión de segundos. En el artículo tiene como objetivo explorar el gran potencial de los algoritmos de inteligencia artificial basados en imágenes que implementan los métodos de clasificación basada en objetos y de esta manera aplicarlos en el estudio de datos satelitales.

Energy consumption and GDP relationship: evidence from a panel cointegration of ten Latin America Countries between 1971 - 2007

In this paper estimates the long-term relationship in the relationship Energy Consumption - GDP and GDP - Energy Consumption for 10 Latin America countries during the period 1971 to 2007. Through Cointegration test of Westerlund (2006) for panel data, which takes into account the possible dependence between countries (Cross-Section) and any existing structural breaks in long-run relationship, we calculate the elasticities, both individual and regional level. Above, to provide empirical evidence on the ability to design and implement policies those promote energy conservation. Cointegration is found to exist in both directions, energy consumption to GDP, and GDP to energy consumption. It shows the energy dependence of some countries, as well as the possibility of implementing energy conservation in others.Consumo de Energía, Estacionariedad en Panel, Cointegración Panel, América Latina.

Colombia regional en el filo de la oportunidad inversionista

En esta reflexión se abordan los conceptos de inversión extranjera y sus tipos de inversiones para entender las oportunidades que las regiones de Colombia tienen si atraen los capitales internacionales en sus proyectos de desarrollo. Para esto, se considera la inversión extranjera al flujo de capital de una empresa de otro país, incluidas las zonas francas, por parte de personas o empresas que sean residentes del extranjero, y tres tipos de inversiones extranjeras, la inversión extranjera directa activa, pasiva y la inversión extranjera indirecta, también conocida como inversión de portafolio

The use of multiple skills learned by the professional of modern languages to be focused in the business part of the hotel and tourism sector

The current final project of career consists on the elaboration for the creation and starting up of an academy of languages in Bogota’s city focused in hospitality and tourism. Since it is about a private academy of languages, we will begin placing it inside the sector of the educational services, and for it, we are going to differ between the legal and not legal formation, being the last the one that belongs to our company. Also we will elaborate a DOFA to synthesize the strong and weak points we’ve detected our academy has. Regarding to the operations’ plan, first the suitable place will be decided to establish the physical center where the activity is going to carried out, for which, we have to have in mind aspects like: the best zone to locate it and if there is availability for businesses which collect enough characteristics that fulfill what we are looking in a near future.1. Introduction 8 2. Problem statement 9 3. Mission 10 4. Vision 10 5. Objetives 11 5.1 Main goal 11 5.2 Specific goals 11 6. Methodology 12 7. Theorical framework 13 7.1 General framework 13 7.1.1 National backgrounds 13 7.1.2 International backgrounds 18 8. Definition of the geographical area 20 9. Delimitation of the project for product 20 10. Frame of reference 20 10.1 Name of the project 20 10.2 Capital 20 10.4 Slogan 21 10.5 Economic activity 21 11. Legal framework 21 11.1 Procedures in the chamber of trade 21 11.2 Documents in the chamber of trade 22 12. Market Analysis 37 12.2 Segmentation for individuals 37 12.3 Segmentation for Legal people 37 13. Analysis of the demand 38 13.1 Projection of the Demand in least squares 38 13.2 Determination of the Elasticity Price of the Demand 38 13.3 Determination of the Elasticity Income of the Demand 38 14. Analysis of the product 38 14.1 Physical element of the Product 38 15. Package of the Product 39 18. Distribution and Coverage of the Product 40 19. Competition’s analysis in base of the life cycle of the products 41 20. Fieldwork 42 20.1 General goal from the fieldwork 42 20.2 Specific goals of the fieldwork 43 20.3 Franchaise details of the fieldwork 43 21. Determination of the Size of the Sample 43 21.1 Determination of the Type of Sampling 43 21.2 Definition and construction of the form 44 21.3 Tabulation and analysis of the result 44 22. Survey analysis 51 P a g e 5 | 83 23. Strategic formulation of the Project 51 23.1 Guide of questions for formulation of the Mission 51 23.2 Guide of questions for formulation of the Vision 51 24. Determination of the Corporate Targets 52 24.1 Determination of the corporate values 53 25.1 Construction of the Profile of Internal (CPI) 54 25.2 External Competitiveness Profile (ECP) 55 25.3 Strategic Crossing of the Project 57 25.4 Formulation Introduction to the market 57 26. Determination of the Functional Areas of the Project 59 26.2 Manuals to follow 60 27. Determination of Project Location 68 27.2 Analysis and Justification of Location 70 28. Size of the project 70 28.1 Determination of Each Functional 70 28.3 Determination of the Construction 71 29 Technical Evaluation of Raw Materials 72 29.1 Obtaining Technical Information about Products 72 29.2 Selection of the Process or Production System 72 29.3 Selection of Machinery and Equipment 73 30.1 Budget of Direct Production Costs 74 30.1.1 Cost for Raw Material 74 30.1.2 Cost for Other supplies 74 30.1.3 Cost per Production Workforce 74 32. Budget of Indirect Production Costs 75 33 Classification of Total Costs 78 34 Project Financing 78 34.1 Quantification of Resources in the Project 78 34.2 Credit Amortization Plan 79 35 Economic Analysis of the Project 80 35.3 Internal rate of return 80 36. Conclusions 81 37. BibliographyPregradoProfesional en Lenguas Moderna

Centro para la prevención del deterioro físico – cognitivo a partir de la incorporación activa del adulto mayor en Sesquilé, Cund.

El proyecto de grado “Centro para la prevención del deterioro físico – cognitivo a partir de la incorporación activa del adulto mayor” se implanta en el municipio de Sesquilé Cundinamarca a partir de la necesidad y la situación problema que allí se presenta, por la inactividad y el déficit de espacios propicios para la tercera edad. Por esta razón, la propuesta arquitectónica se basa en un equipamiento integral que permita brindar al adulto mayor un espacio con los requerimientos necesarios teniendo en cuenta el deterioro asociado a la vejez, implementando una estrategia desde la agricultura que promueva su participación activa en la comunidad. El enfoque principal del proyecto es la prevención del deterioro por medio de la actividad, tanto lúdica como productiva, tomando como base diferentes posturas teóricas que confirman los beneficios que trae consigo en el tratamiento de enfermedades del adulto mayor. Teniendo en cuenta el carácter rural y campesino del municipio, se propone un área productiva con cultivos hidropónicos que incorpora un prototipo con barandillas para su soporte y una huerta sostenible con una cama de cultivo a una altura estándar adaptándose al usuario sin importar sus limitaciones físicas, con el objetivo de proporcionar la mejor comodidad de acuerdo a la antropometría del adulto mayor para su fácil acceso. Por otro lado, el programa arquitectónico contempla diferentes espacios para la realización de actividades lúdicas de interés, como talleres de danza, música, el salón de juegos, entre otros, que reducen el estrés, la ansiedad y ayudan a la recuperación de trastornos. Cada espacio propuesto ha sido pensado netamente en el adulto mayor y su aporte significativo en la prevención de su deterioro.The degree project "Center for the prevention of physical-cognitive deterioration from the active incorporation of the elderly" is implemented in the municipality of Sesquilé Cundinamarca based on the need and the problem situation that arises there, due to inactivity and the deficit of spaces conducive to the elderly. For this reason, the architectural proposal is based on comprehensive equipment that allows the elderly to be provided with a space with the necessary requirements, taking into account the deterioration associated with old age, implementing a strategy from agriculture that promotes their active participation in the community. The main of the project is the prevention of deterioration through activity, both recreational and productive, based on different theoretical positions that confirm the benefits it brings in the treatment of diseases of the elderly. Taking into account the rural and peasant character of the municipality, a productive area with hydroponic crops is proposed that incorporates a prototype with railings for its support and a sustainable garden with a cultivation bed at a standard height adapting to the user regardless of their physical limitations. with the aim of providing the best comfort according to the anthropometry of the elderly for easy access. On the other hand, the architectural program includes different spaces for carrying out recreational activities of interest, such as dance workshops, music, the game room, among others, which reduce stress, anxiety and help recovery from disorders. Each proposed space has been clearly thought of the elderly and their significant contribution in preventing their deterioration

Programas de prevención del maltrato infantil en niños, niñas y adolescentes en Colombia.

Esta monografía, como trabajo de grado, se fundamenta en la ruta de prevención del maltrato infantil en Colombia, donde son muchos los problemas detectados atribuibles en gran parte de este aspecto el tener los derechos del niño consagrados a nivel mundial no es garantía de su cumplimiento, pues la realidad que todos enfrentamos dista de saber que los derechos sean tenidos en cuenta y esto ha incidido para que nuestros infantes manifiesten dentro de su medio familiar, la intolerancia, agresividad, carencia de respeto y desarraigo socio familiar. Se enmarcan lo siguientes trazados con criterio plenamente ajustados a las necesidades e beneficios reales de los infantes, que hacen parte de la sociedad colombiana como grupos familiares, en donde se pretende demostrar que a pesar de los esfuerzos dentro de las políticas públicas, hay una falencia en la educación que han recibido los padres para transmitir a sus hijos, generando que las pautas de crianza a implementar de acuerdo a su ciclo vital sean insuficientes y en muchos casos deficientes, dado la evolución del circulo vicioso que se ha transmitido a través de las generaciones. De igual manera los menores, actualmente en Colombia ha disminuido el índice de maltrato para esta población que a pesar de contar con el apoyo de la Ley 1098 (2006) y su reforma a través de la ley 1878 (2018), se identifica una mayor cobertura para atacar, cada una de las problemáticas que puede tener un menor en su medio familiar, siempre apoyando el desarrollo de la evolución tecnológica, como medio intercultural para así mismo disminuir el desconocimiento de los proyectos a través de agentes gubernamentales que ha creado el gobierno nacional. Dentro del contexto de maltrato para realizar una prevención real para los infantes, se debe tener claro el nivel educativo- cultural junto al alcance de las instituciones gubernamentales y privadas que trabajan constantemente con el propósito de fortalecer la calidad de vida no solo del infante, de su familia sino de toda la comunidad, esto a través de actividades culturales gratuitas para la comunidad.This monograph, as undergraduate work, is based on the route of prevention of child abuse in Colombia, where there are many detected problems attributable in large part to this aspect, having the rights of the child established worldwide is not a guarantee of its fulfillment. Because the reality that we all face is far from knowing that rights are taken into account and this has had an impact on our infants manifesting intolerance, aggressiveness, lack of respect and family uprooting within their family environment. The following lines are framed with criteria fully adjusted to the real needs and benefits of infants, who are part of Colombian society as family groups, where it is intended to demonstrate that despite efforts within public policies, there is a failure in the education that parents have received to transmit to their children, generating that the parenting guidelines to be implemented according to their life cycle are insufficient and in many cases deficient, given the evolution of the vicious circle that has been transmitted through the generations. Similarly, minors, currently in Colombia has decreased the index of abuse for this population that despite having the support of Law 1098 (2006) and its reform through Law 1878 (2018), a greater coverage to attack is identified, each of the problems that a minor may have in their family environment, always supporting the development of technological evolution, as an intercultural means to also reduce the lack of knowledge of projects through government agents created by the national government. Within the context of mistreatment to carry out real prevention for infants, the educational-cultural level must be clear, along with the scope of government and private institutions that constantly work with the purpose of strengthening the quality of life not only of the infant, but also of his family but the entire community, this through free cultural activities for the community

Relación consumo de energía y PIB: evidencia desde un panel cointegrado de 10 países de América Latina entre 1971 - 2007

In this paper estimates the long-term relationship in the relationship Energy Consumption - GDP and GDP - Energy Consumption for 10 Latin America countries during the period 1971 to 2007. Through Cointegration test of Westerlund (2006) for panel data, which takes into account the possible dependence between countries (Cross-Section) and any existing structural breaks in long-run relationship, we calculate the elasticities, both individual and regional level. Above, to provide empirical evidence on the ability to design and implement policies those promote energy conservation. Cointegration is found to exist in both directions, energy consumption to GDP, and GDP to energy consumption. It shows the energy dependence of some countries, as well as the possibility of implementing energy conservation in others