ELT Teacher Trainees’ Encounters with Syllabus Design

In ELT (English Language Teaching) departments, prospective teachers come across a wide range of methodological domains which are applied and theoretical. Most of the instructional patterns can be practiced in microteachings. Upon feedback, the mistakes can be corrected and the procedures reworked if required. Nevertheless, syllabus, which is the basic system of instruction, is mostly out of reach in terms of ‘design’ in teacher training programs. Trainees may have access to discussions about the syllabuses of the course-books they analyze only if there is a course focusing on course-book analysis and adaptation in the teacher training program. Naturally, the applied concern with syllabus design is mostly at introductory level. In many geographies, syllabuses come ready and the publishers and instructors implement it with some flexibility. In classroom application, mostly, the contents sections of the course-books contain the language materials (grammar patterns and vocabulary) to be studied and they basically represent the syllabi to be followed by the instructors. There is generally on-line access to the curricula for further assistance. When teacher training is concerned, the pre-service familiarity with syllabus types and design plays an important part prospectively for the future implementation and assessment of the teaching programs. The trainees, in this respect, have to develop an insight into syllabus design and adaptation as well as types for further encounters. This argument attempts to touch on teacher trainees possible encounters with the syllabus. The encounters of the prospective teachers with syllabus design may be of very introductory nature such as discovering and examining the basics of syllabus design, types of syllabus, grammar and syllabus relationship, and syllabus adaptation. Naturally, the microteachings that trainees present contain language patterns from a syllabus. In this vein, their familiarity with syllabus issues is fundamental

Laparoscopic Surgery for Gastric Cancer

In patients with gastric cancer, surgical resection is the only treatment that can offer cure or increase long-term survival. With the accumulation of experience in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy and the progress in surgical instruments, laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer has gained popularity despite initial concerns regarding safety and oncological adequacy. As a result, laparoscopic technique has been widely applied in gastric cancer. Different meta-analyses showed that laparoscopic procedures are associated with less blood loss but longer operation time. Many studies have reported outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for early gastric cancer, but several authors also have shown that a laparoscopic approach can also be used in cases of advanced gastric cancer. We therefore conducted this study to expand our experience and to evaluate laparoscopic gastrectomy step by step in the light of recent reports while defining key points and surgical technique

A Qualitative Research on the Effect of Chaos and Butterfly Effect on Education

Chaos is a scientific approach that refers to the fact that systems or behaviors that are thought to be irregular, complex, impossible to predict actually occur in an orderly manner. The aim of this research is to determine what chaos and butterfly effect mean in terms of education, the importance of chaos and butterfly effect in education and its effects on education. The research is a qualitative study aimed at determining the opinions of teachers about chaos and butterfly effect. The case study method was used in the research. The research was carried out with 23 teachers selected on a voluntary basis among 44 teachers who are doing master's degrees in educational sciences. Research data were collected with a semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher. All the data obtained were analyzed by coding using the content analysis method. In the research, it was concluded that the chaos and butterfly effect positively affect students' development of different ideas, improve their ability to analyze, activate metacognitive functions, and give students the ability to solve problems more quickly by evaluating them from different point of view

Examination of the Problems that Teachers Face During Vocational Education

The purpose of this research is to determine the problems faced by the teachers who give vocational courses during their vocational practice. A semi-structured interview form was used in order to collect the data required for the research. The research is a qualitative study and it was carried out in order to determine the opinions of teachers about the problems encountered in vocational education. The case study method, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. All the data obtained in the research were analyzed by coding with the content analysis method. The study group of the research consists of a total of 30 vocational course teachers, 21 male and 9 female, working in state vocational high schools in the central districts of Hatay province in the 2020-2021 academic year, and they participated in the research on a voluntary basis. In the research, one conclusion was that the students who receive vocational education have sufficient skills for business life, albeit partially, that students sometimes have difficulties in adapting to the work discipline, and that there may be problems due to cognitive, affective and psychomotor, that is, individual characteristics, especially during internship training. In addition, in the research, it can be concluded that practical training should be carried out with a wider scope, physical facilities should be improved by giving more importance to vocational high schools, and students should be admitted to vocational education institutions with aptitude tests

Role of post mastectomy radiation therapy in breast cancer patients with T1–2 and 1–3 positive lymph nodes

Yasemin Benderli Cihan,1 Talha Sarigoz2 1Department of Radiation Oncology, 2Department of General Surgery, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey Objective: To evaluate the role of radiotherapy (RT) in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival in postmastectomy breast cancer patients with tumor size <5 cm, with 1–3 involved axillary lymph nodes (T1–2N1). Patients and methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 89 postmastectomy patients with T1–2N1 disease between 2005 and 2015 at the Radiation Oncology Clinic of Kayseri Training and Research Hospital. Clinicopathologic, demographic, and laboratory findings, as well as treatment regimens were investigated. OS and disease-free survival as well as factors that can be valuable in the prognosis were evaluated. Results: A total of 89 female patients with an average age of 53 years (range: 30–81 years) were included in the assessment. Five-year and 10-year local recurrence rates were found to be 6.6% in the RT group and 7.1% in the non-RT group. In the RT group, the mean OS was 110.3 months and progression-free survival was 104.4 months. In the non-RT group, the corresponding figures were 104.3 months and 92.1 months, respectively. Statistically significant correlation was observed between RT and the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (P<0.001), histological type (P=0.013), tumor size (P<0.001), and lymph node metastasis (P<0.001). During the assessment, locoregional recurrence and/or distant metastasis occurred in nine patients (10%). Locoregional recurrence was observed mostly in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, tumor >3.0 cm in size, grade II tumors, and perinodal invasion, and who were premenopausal at the time of diagnosis. Conclusion: In T1–2N1 breast cancer patients who underwent modified radical mastectomy, when the effects of postmastectomy RT were evaluated, there were no differences in terms of OS and progression-free survival. In addition, when subgroup analysis was made, in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, tumor diameter >2 cm, three lymph node metastasis, and stage 2b, postmastectomy RT was seen to be useful. Keywords: early stage cancer, modified radical mastectomy, radiotherapy, locoregional recurrence, prognostic factor

Role of digital infrared thermal imaging in surgical management of fistula-in-ano

Anal fistulas represent an inflammatory condition with a connection formed between the anal canal and the perianal skin. Surgery aims to eradicate the fistula while preserving sphincter function. However, inadequate removal of fistula tracts often results in recurrence, and excessive division of the anal sphincter complex can result in fecal incontinence. Therefore, comprehensive preoperative evaluation of the fistula tract is crucial and contributes considerably to outcomes. MRI has emerged as a key method in patients with perianal fistula, but is expensive, uses intravenous contrast agent, and experience is needed to interpret images. Endoanal ultrasound (EUS) is cheaper and more practical than MRI, but is highly operator dependent and its role in suprasphincteric and complex fistulas is controversial. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) for evaluating of fistula-in-ano. DITI monitors infrared radiation emanated by a surface, in this case the perianal skin. The scientific rationale is based on the inflammatory state caused by perianal fistulization. Because one of the pathological findings of inflammation is increased local temperature due to altered blood flow, we hypothesized that by using a contrast agent colder than the human body, the perianal fistula tract could be visualized by DITI cameras. A protocol and simple diagnostic algorithm for evaluation of perianal fistulas are presented

Spontaneous rupture of right gastroepiploic artery aneurysm: a rare cause of hemorrhagic shock. Case report

<div><p>ABSTRACT CONTEXT: Aneurysms of the gastroepiploic arteries are seen only rarely. They are usually diagnosed during autopsy or laparotomy in patients with hemodynamic instability. Although the operation to treat this condition is relatively easy, delay in making the diagnosis affects the course of the disease. CASE REPORT: A 57-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with abdominal pain and unconsciousness. A computed tomography scan showed extravasation of contrast agent at the headcorpus junction of the pancreas, and the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy under general anesthesia. During laparotomy, aneurysmatic rupture of the right gastroepiploic artery was detected. Control over bleeding was achieved by ligating the right gastroepiploic artery at its origin. The aneurysm was also resected and sent for pathological examination. CONCLUSION: Especially in cases of unidentified shock, splanchnic artery aneurysms should be kept in mind. Moreover, in the light of the data in the literature, the possibility of death should be taken into account seriously and, if feasible, prophylactic aneurysmectomy should be performed.</p></div

Relative body condition of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and its applicability as an indicator of environmental status

This study examines the ratio between length and body weight of 4191 specimens of a prevalent, tertiary tropic level Teleost fish, red mullet (Mullus barbatus) sampled using a standard survey protocol from more than 2500 km by the coasts of Turkey extending along the Mediterranean, Aegean, and the Black Sea. The study's primary aim was to investigate whether there is a correspondence between the body condition of the red mullet and the environmental status independently determined based on lower trophic levels of the water masses the species inhabits. Possible impacts of some intrinsic (fish length), extrinsic factors (bathymetry, abundance, and site), and numerical condition expressions on the outcomes were analyzed and eliminated. The results displayed a strong positive correlation between the fish condition index values and the ecosystem descriptor; the body condition of fish increased as ecological status improved from "bad" to "good/high". Based on this relationship and to facilitate the use of red mullet body condition as an ecosystem indicator, a set of target reference values addressing different ecological states have been proposed. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved