Entre collègues, face à la caméra: Saisir les relations entre science et société dans les paroles et postures de chercheurs

International audienceEn 2006, nous menons une enquête par entretiens filmés auprès de chercheurs sur le thème des relations entre science et société. La logique de réalisation et d’exploitation de ces entretiens est d’emblée double, scientifique d’une part (procéder à l’analyse de la thématisation des relations entre sciences et société), médiatique d’autre part (à la demande du CNRS, produire un film présentant les points de vue de chercheurs sur ces relations).Il s'agit ici d'examiner conjointement le dispositif de recueil de données, situation indécise mais non brouillée, et ses implications dans la production de parole.Les relations entre sciences et société n’émergent pas secondairement du traitement de la parole des enquêtés traités après coup, mais elles s’expriment directement dans l’attention très fine portée par les chercheurs à la situation d’enquête elle-même, au statut de leurs propos, à la gamme des possibilités d’expression qu’elle leur offre, et qui fait de cette situation une épreuve de la dimension communicationnelle statut de chercheur tout autant qu’une situation sociale de communication à propos des sciences

L' exposition des savoirs dans l'art contemporain (les formes de mobilisation des sciences humaines dans l'institution de l'art contemporain comme champ et comme formation discursive)

Cette recherche vise à comprendre la façon dont le champ de l art contemporain s autonomisant et s institutionnalisant mobilise les savoirs (catégories, propositions, dispositifs) développés dans un autre domaine, celui des sciences humaines. C est la question des conditions de réception, de représentation et d usage de ces savoirs qui est au centre de la thèse. Le matériau empirique constitué pour l analyse des formes d appropriation est de plusieurs ordres, et consiste principalement en une série de biographies d artistes, une observation in situ du fonctionnement d un centre d art, la compilation et le traitement quantitatif de bases de données, un ensemble de discours produits dans et hors des institutions artistiques, des textes circulant à l occasion de dix expositions. L analyse de contenu de ce dernier corpus permet de décrire une présence et des représentations régulières des sciences humaines (concepts, auteurs, disciplines ), ce qui atteste que la mobilisation de discours exogènes est sous-tendue par des critères collectifs. Pour constituer et contextualiser ce corpus, une caractérisation des pratiques institutionnelles et énonciatives des expositions d art contemporain a été opérée au préalable. Ainsi, les expositions peuvent être situées dans un espace discursif fait de règles et de références communes, mais aussi dans un espace social (selon la trajectoire et la reconnaissance du lieu d exposition et de l artiste). Au-delà de la description, cette démarche permet l analyse des différents types d usage des sciences humaines, plus ou moins rhétorique, légitimant, rigoureux, notamment selon que l exposition s adresse en priorité au public ou aux artistes .This research aims to understand how the field of contemporary art autonomizing and institutionalizing mobilises knowledge (categories, proposals, devices) developed in an other area, that of humanities. The central issue of the thesis concerns the conditions of reception, representation and use of this knowledge.In order to analyze the forms of its appropriation, an empirical material has been established in various ways: it mainly consists of a series of artists biographies, in-situ observation in an art centre, compilation and quantitative processing of databases, a corpus of discourses produced in and out art institutions and texts having circulated at ten exhibitions. The content analysis of this later corpus allows the description of a presence and regular representations of Human Sciences (concepts, authors, subjects ), which testify that the mobilization of exogenous speech is underpinned by collective criteria. A characterisation of the institutional and enunciative practices of contemporary art exhibition had been made beforehand, in order to build and contextualize this corpus. Thus, the exhibitions can be located in a discursive space made of common rules and references, but also in a social space (depending on the trajectory and recognition of artists and institutions). Beyond the mere description, this approach allows the analysis of different types of use of the humanities, more or less rhetorical, legitimizing, rigorous; the variations in uses depend particularly on the purpose of the exhibitions, which can be mainly aimed to audience or to the artists .LYON-ENS LSH (693872305) / SudocLYON-BIU-LSH (693872101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Ten actions to achieve gender equity among intensivists: the French Society of Intensive Care (FICS) model

International audienceIn our recent survey, we aimed to collect information on perceived inequity as well as professional and personal fulfillment among women intensivists in France. For the 371 respondents out of the 732 persons who received the survey, the findings were unequivocal: for one-third of the respondents, being a woman was considered as an obstacle to careers or academic advancement, and for two thirds, pregnancy was viewed as a barrier to their career advancement. Gender discrimination had been experienced by 55% of the respondents. In 2019, to promote and achieve gender equity in the French Intensive Care Society (FICS), ten actions were initiated and are detailed in the present manuscript together with supporting data: (1) creation of a working group: the FEMMIR group; (2) promotion of mentorship; (3) implementation of concrete sponsorship; (4) transparency and public reporting of gender ratios in editorial boards; (5) workshops dedicated to unconscious gender bias; (6) workshops dedicated to improved women assertiveness; (7) role models; (8) creation of educational/information programs for young intensivists; (9) development of research on gender inequity and, as a perspective; and (10) development of a wide-ranging program. This review is aimed at providing a toolbox of organizational best practices designed to achieve gender equity. It is particularly important to share promising practical action engaged in our FEMMIR group with other concerned professionals around the world

Prophylactic platelet transfusion response in critically ill patients: a prospective multicentre observational study

Abstract Background Response to prophylactic platelet transfusion is suspected to be inconsistent in critically ill patients questioning how to optimize transfusion practices. This study aimed to describe prophylactic platelet transfusion response, to identify factors associated with a suboptimal response, to analyse the correlation between corrected count increment and platelet count increment and to determine the association between poor platelet transfusion response and clinical outcomes. Methods This prospective multicentre observational study recruited patients who received at least one prophylactic platelet transfusion in one of the nine participating intensive care units for a period up to 16 months. Poor platelet transfusion response was defined as a corrected count increment (CCI) that adjusts for platelet dose and body surface area, less than 7 at 18–24 h after platelet transfusion. Factors associated with poor platelet transfusion response were assessed in a mixed-effect model. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in patients with and without haematology malignancy and chemotherapy. Results Poor platelet transfusion response occurred in 349 of the 472 (73.9%) prophylactic platelet transfusions and in 141/181 (77.9%) patients. The mixed-effect model identified haemoglobin at ICU admission (odds ratio (OR): 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7–0.89]) and body mass index (BMI) (OR: 0.93 [0.89–0.98]) being positively and independently associated with platelet transfusion response, while a haematological malignancy (OR 1.93 [1.09–3.43]), sepsis as primary ICU admission diagnosis (OR: 2.81 [1.57–5.03]), SOFA score (OR 1.10 [1.03; 1.17]) and maximum storage duration of platelet (OR: 1.24 [1.02–1.52]) were independently associated with a suboptimal platelet increment. Clinical outcomes did not differ between groups, nor the requirement for red blood cells. Poor platelet transfusion response was found in 93.5% of patients with haematology malignancy and chemotherapy. Conclusions In this study of critically ill patients, of whom more than half had bone marrow failure, almost three quarters of prophylactic platelet transfusions led to suboptimal platelet increment measured 18 to 24 h following platelet transfusion. Platelet storage duration was the only factor associated with poor platelet response that may be accessible to intervention. Trial registration in October 2017: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03325140

Réflexivité(s)

International audienc

Réflexivité(s): Livre liquide issu de l’expérience des Espaces réflexifs

International audienceEn lien direct avec le contexte d’une mise en valeur de la recherche en ligne en sciences humaines et sociales sur la plateforme Hypothèses, ce livre liquide propose des textes soigneusement sélectionnés dans les contenus du carnet de recherche Les Espaces réflexifs, et éditorialisés de manière à constituer un livre fluide, ouvert aux commentaires et augmenté, notamment par les liens hypertextes et la circulation qu'ils permettent.Liquide, cela veut dire multiple dans les formes d’expression (texte, hypertexte, image, son), polyphonique dans la nature de l’écriture (l’augmentation par les commentaires) et évolutif dans les contenus de la recherche. Un livre liquide accueille la variété des approches, des écritures et des langues. Il a l’ambition de photographier l’état de la science en ligne à un moment donné de sa diffusion, en la rendant accessible par l’éditorialisation et le partage

Le musée et le politique

Tout au long du XIXe siècle et du premier XXe siècle, le musée s'est inscrit dans un ensemble de pratiques de contrôle, social et moralisateur : il devait consolider les vertus publiques et travailler à la prospérité industrieuse. Le musée s’inscrivait aussi dans le jeu des rivalités internationales, autant dans la crainte de déperditions patrimoniales que dans la compétition autour de nouvelles collections à former. Mais à partir des années 1960 et 1970 cet idéal a été de plus en plus vivement contesté. On a voulu mettre au jour les agendas politiques cachés de l’institution en montrant ses liens avec les pouvoirs, politiques, industriels, financier, et en cultivant au contraire les utopies d’un musée forum. La muséologie nouvelle entretient alors des liens étroits avec la réflexion politique et les théories sociales, le développement de nouveaux savoirs – l’écologie, les études matérielles, l’anthropologie –, aussi bien qu’avec le postcolonialisme et le multiculturalisme. La « politique du musée » est, au sein des démocraties contemporaines, une catégorie ou un sous-ensemble de politiques culturelles plus générales. De nouveaux musées nationaux témoignent de la réécriture des thèmes traditionnels de l’État, de la nation et des identités, tandis qu’à l’inverse des musées de « de l’Europe » ou du monde et de l’histoire globale tentent de proposer un récit. Les mises en scène et les choix des expôts peuvent susciter de vives polémiques, capables de conduire à l’annulation de la manifestation, la fermeture de l’institution ou l’échec de sa fondation. Les processus de collectionnisme et d’interprétation peuvent faire l’objet de propositions participatives dans une visée de démocratie directe. Des pressions, liées à des populismes ou à des groupes d’influence, sur la possession et la disposition des collections remettent en cause des organisations qui paraissaient réglées naguère par un consensus sur les compétences professionnelles de la conservation. Ce numéro propose un panorama des configurations qui, depuis plus de deux siècles, articulent le musée et la politique. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, museums were part of a system of moral and social control: they were intended to consolidate public virtues and to work towards industrious prosperity. Museums were also a part of global rivalries, as much out of a fear of cultural perdition as part of a competition surrounding new types of collections to be amassed. This ideal, however, began to be more and more contested in the 1960s and 70s. There was a desire to reveal the hidden political agendas of museum, tied to political, industrial and financial powers, and to instead cultivate the utopia of the museum as a forum. New museology thus maintains close ties to political considerations and social theories, the development of new fields (such as ecology, material studies and anthropology) as well as postcolonial and multicultural studies. Within modern democracies, “museum policy” is a category or subsection of more general cultural policies. New national museums testify to the rewriting of traditional themes such as the State, the nation and identities, while on the contrary “European”, world or global history museums attempt to propose new narratives. The staging and choice of exhibitions can provoke strong debates, leading in some cases to an event’s cancellation, the closing of an institution or one’s ultimate failure to open. Processes of collection and interpretation can be opened up to wider participation with the aim of cultivating a sort of direct democracy. Pressure, linked to certain populist groups or lobbies, surrounding the acquisition and organization of certain types of collections can shed doubt on the very existence of an institution whose survival seemed approved by general consensus concerning the professional capabilities of curators and conservators. This is issue proposes a panorama of the variety of configurations that have, for the past two hundred years, linked museums and policy

Additional file 1 of Prophylactic platelet transfusion response in critically ill patients: a prospective multicentre observational study

Additional file 1. Supplemental Figure 1. Receiver operating characteristic curves for platelet count increment and CCI. Supplementary Table 1. Details of surgery and invasive procedures requiring prophylactic platelet transfusion. Supplementary Tables 2 to 8. Sensitivity analyses in patients with and without hematology malignancy and chemotherapy

Underway surface water data during the Tara Oceans expedition in 2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. During the entire expedition (2009-2013), underway measurements were obtained from a meteorological station (BATOS), a thermosalinograph (TSG, SBE 45), a Fast Repetition Rate Flurometer (FRRF, LIFT-FRR01), and a spectrophotometer (WETLabs AC-S). In 2013 underway measurements were enhanced by adding a Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) sensor (QCP2350, Biospherical Instruments, Inc.), a laser spectrofluorometer (WETLabs ALFA, Chekalyuk et al., 2012) that replaced the FRRF, a spectral backscattering sensor (WETLabs Eco-bb3), a pCO2 sensor (ProOceanus CO2-Pro), a pH sensor (Satlantic, SeaFET) and a particle imaging system triggered by chlorophyll-a fluorescence (a prototype of McLane Research Laboratories' Imaging FlowCytobot, Sosik Lab, WHOI). Discrete measurements of CDOM absorption measurements were made using an Ultrapath (WPI Inc.) to calibrate the in-line AC-S. Hence the AC-S was also used to provide CDOM absorption in addition to particulate matter properties. The present dataset contains surface water data measured during the 2013 campaigns of the Tara Oceans Expedition. Latitude and Longitude were obtained from TSG data. The time stamp of this data set is harmonised with that of other underway data in this collection