Impacto de la vacunación 13-valente en la infección neumocócica invasiva

Traballo de Fin de Grao en Medicina. Curso 2019-2020.INTRODUCCIÓN/OBJETIVOS: Desde que la vacuna antineumocócica 13-valente (VNC13) fue incluida en el calendario vacunal infantil, la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva (EISP) ha cambiado. Los objetivos fueron analizar las formas de presentación clínica de la EISP, así como la variación de los serotipos y el patrón de resistencias tras la inclusión de la VNC13 en el calendario vacunal infantil. MATERIAL/MÉTODOS: Retrospectivamente, se recogieron los pacientes con EISP, los cuales se clasificaron en dos periodos: pre-VNC13 de 1992-2009 y post-VNC13 de 2011-2019. Se analizaron las formas de presentación clínica y su evolución, así como las características de las cepas aisladas (patrón de resistencia y serotipos). RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 214 pacientes con EISP en el periodo pre-VNC13 y 197 del post-VNC13. En el periodo post-VNC13 hubo un incremento de los pacientes >65 años (29% vs 56%, p3, 18% vs 45%, p<0,001). La neumonía fue la forma de presentación más frecuente en ambos periodos (74% vs 78%, p=0,347), aunque se observó un incremento de casos de bacteriemia primaria (12% vs 24%, p=0,002). El porcentaje de pacientes que requirieron ingreso en UCI disminuyó en el periodo post-VNC13 (24% vs 11%, p=0,001). No se observó diferencias en la mortalidad (15% vs 16%, p=0,684). Se produjo un descenso significativo de cepas no sensibles a penicilina (27% vs 1%, p<0,001) y cefotaxima (4% vs 0%, p=0,003). La resistencia a quinolonas no se modificó (1% vs 1%, p=1). Los aislamientos de serotipos incluidos en la VNC-13 disminuyeron significativamente (75% vs 33%, p<0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Tras la vacunación universal con VNC13, la EISP ha presentado unos cambios significativos. Aunque la forma de presentación clínica más frecuente continuó siendo la neumonía, los pacientes con EISP fueron más añosos y con más comorbilidades. Se observó una mejoría significativa en el perfil de resistencias.INTRODUCIÓN/OBXECTIVOS: Dende que a vacuna antineumocócica 13-valente (VNC13) foi incluida no calendario vacinal infantil, a enfermidade neumocócica invasiva (EISP) cambiou. Os obxectivos foron analizar as formas de presentación clínica da EISP, así como a variación dos serotipos e o patrón de resistencias trala inclusión da VNC13 no calendario vacinal infantil. MATERIAL/MÉTODOS: Retrospectivamente, recolléronse os pacientes con EISP, os cales clasificáronse en dous períodos: pre-VNC13 de 1992-2009 e post-VNC13 de 2011-2019. Analizáronse as formas de presentación clínica e a súa evolución, así como as características das cepas aisladas (patrón de resistencias e serotipos). RESULTADOS: Identificáronse 214 pacientes con EISP no período pre-VNC13 e 197 no post-VNC-13. No período post-VNC13 houbo un incremento dos pacientes >65 anos (29% vs 56%, p3, 18% vs 45%, p<0,001). A neumonía foi a forma de presentación máis frecuente nos dous períodos (74% vs 78%, p=0,347), aínda que se observou un incremento de casos de bacteriemia primaria (12% vs 24%, p=0,002). A porcentaxe de pacientes que requeriron ingreso na UCI diminuíu no período post-VNC-13 (24% vs 11%, p=0,001). Non se observaron diferenzas na mortalidade (15% vs 16%, p=0,684). Produciuse un descenso significativo de cepas non sensibles a penicilina (27% vs 1%, p<0,001) e cefotaxima (4% vs 0%, p=0,003). A resistencia a quinolonas non se modificou (1% vs 1%, p=1). Os illamentos de serotipos incluidos na VNC13 diminuíron significativamente (75% vs 33%, p<0,001). CONCLUSIÓNS: Trala vacinación universal con VNC13, a EISP presentou uns cambios significativos. Aínda que a forma de presentación clínica máis frecuente continuou sendo a neumonía, os pacientes con EISP foron máis añosos e con máis comorbilidades. Observouse una melloría significativa no perfil de resistencias.INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Since the pneumococcal conjugate 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) was included in the chilhood inmunization schedule, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has changed. The objectives were to analyze the forms of clinical presentation of the IPD, as well as the variation of the serotypes and the resistance pattern after the inclusion of PCV13 in the chilhood vaccination schedule. MATERIAL/METHODS: Retrospectively, patients with IPD were collected, which were classified into two periods: pre-PCV13 (1992-2009) and post-PCV13 (2011-2019). The clinical presentation forms and their evolution were analyzed, as well as the characteristics of the isolated strains (resistance pattern and serotypes). RESULTS: 214 patients with IPD were identified in the pre-PCV13 period and 197 in the post-PCV13. In the post-PCV13 period, there was and increase in patients >65 years (29% vs 56%, p3, 18% vs 45%, p<0,001). Pneumonia was the most frequent form of presentation in both periods (74% vs 78%, p=0,347), although an increase in cases of primary bacteriemia was observed(12% vs 24%, p=0,002). The percentage of patients required admission in UCI decreased in the post-PCV-13 period (24% vs 11%, p=0,001). No difference in mortality was observed (15% vs 16%, p=0,684). There was a significant decrease in non-sensitive strains to penicilin (27% vs 1%, p<0,001) and cefotaxime (4% vs 0%, p=0,003). Quinolone resistance was inchanged (1% vs 1%, p=1). The serotype isolates included in PCV13 decreased significantly (75% vs 33%, p<0,001). CONCLUSIONS: After universal vaccination with PCV13, the IPD has undergone significant changes. Although pneumonia continued to be the most frequent form of clinical presentation, patients with IPD were older and had more comorbidities. A significant improvement in the resistance profile was observed

Application of functional data analysis and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy to discriminate wine spirits ageing technologies

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) combined with functional data analysis (FDA) was applied to di erentiate aged wine spirits according to the ageing technology (traditional using 250 L wooden barrels versus alternative using micro-oxygenation and wood staves applied in 1000 L stainless steel tanks), the wood species used (chestnut and oak), and the ageing time (6, 12, and 18 months). For this purpose, several features of the wine spirits were examined: chromatic characteristics resulting from the CIELab method, total phenolic index, concentrations of furfural, ellagic acid, vanillin, and coniferaldehyde, and total content of low molecular weight phenolic compounds determined by HPLC. FDA applied to spectral data highlighted the di erentiation between all groups of samples, confirming the di erentiation observed with the analytical parameters measured. All samples in the test set were di erentiated and correctly assigned to the aged wine spirits by FDA. The FTIR-ATR spectroscopy combined with FDA is a powerful methodology to discriminate wine spirits resulting from di erent ageing technologiesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Amino Acid Carriers of the Solute Carrier Families 7 (SLC7) and 38 (SLC38) Are Involved in Leucine Sensing in the Brain of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Sensing of amino acids in fish brain, especially branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) like leucine, is involved in regulation of feed intake through different mechanisms. However, there is limited information regarding the possible involvement of mechanisms dependent on amino acid carriers of the solute carrier families (SLC) known to be key regulators of intracellular leucine concentration, namely L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), and sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2) and 9,(SNAT9), for which evidence of their participation is available in mammals. Comparative analysis amongst sequences revealed a complex pattern of paralogues in Atlantic salmon, for LAT1 (slc7a5aa, slc7a5ab, slc7a5ba, slc7a5bb, slc7a5ca, and slc7a5cb), SNAT2 (slc38a2a and slc38a2b) and SNAT9 (slc38a9). After establishing phylogenetic relationships of the different paralogues evaluated, samples of the selected brain areas were taken from Atlantic salmon to assess tissue distribution of transcripts. In an additional experiment, fish were fed two diets with different levels of leucine (high leucine: 35 g/kg vs. control leucine: 27.3 g/kg). The high leucine diet resulted in lower feed intake and increased mRNA abundance of specific paralogues of LAT1 (slc7a5aa, slc7a5ab, and slc7a5bb) and SNAT2 (slc38a2a and slc38a2b) though apparently not for SNAT9 in brain areas like hypothalamus and telencephalon involved in food intake regulation. The results obtained suggest a role for members of the SLC family in the anorectic effect of leucine and thus their involvement as additional amino acid sensing mechanism not characterised so far in fish regulation of feed intake.publishedVersio

Fatty acids of different nature differentially modulate feed intake in rainbow trout

Feed intake is subjected to a complex regulation involving a plethora of signals, among which nutrients stand as one of the most important. In mammals, the gastrointestinal tract is able to sense nutrients in the lumen, and respond with the release of signaling molecules that ultimately modulate brain circuits governing appetite, resulting in decreased/increased feeding. Whether equivalent mechanisms operate in fish remains unknown. In a recent study, we described that the gastrointestinal tract of rainbow trout contains several sensors for free fatty acids (FAs), and that the luminal presence of FAs of different length and degree of unsaturation modulates the levels of key gastrointestinal hormones involved in feed intake regulation. In this study, our aim was to characterize the impact of such a luminal presence of FAs on brain appetite-regulatory centers, as well as its effects on rainbow trout feed intake. Major results from this study demonstrated that: (i) FAs of different length and degree of unsaturation [medium-chain (MCFAs, octanoate), long-chain (LCFAs, oleate), long-chain polyunsaturated (PUFA, α-linolenate), and short-chain (SCFA, butyrate) FAs] differentially modulate feed intake levels when administered intragastrically, (ii) intragastrically-administered FAs modulate the phosphorylation status of appetite-related transcription factors, as well as mRNA levels of key appetite-regulating neuropeptides, in the hypothalamus and/or telencephalon, (iii) luminal presence of FAs results in changes in the central abundance of mRNAs encoding gastrointestinal hormone receptors, and (vi) luminal FA-derived central changes in neuropeptide mRNAs are not observed (or are lessened) in vagotomized fish. Together, these results provide comprehensive evidence in favor of a gut-brain axis in fish. In addition, we observed different responses in terms of feed intake regulation depending on the type of fatty acid administered into the lumen, which is very relevant for aquaculture considering differences in fatty acid composition in aquafeedsAgencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2019-103969RB-C31Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. IJC2019-039166-IMinisterio de Universidades | Ref. FPU19/00122Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte | Ref. FPU16/0004

Fatty acid sensing in the gastrointestinal tract of rainbow trout: different to mammalian model?

It is well established in mammals that the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) senses the luminal presence of nutrients and responds to such information by releasing signaling molecules that ultimately regulate feeding. However, gut nutrient sensing mechanisms are poorly known in fish. This research characterized fatty acid (FA) sensing mechanisms in the GIT of a fish species with great interest in aquaculture: the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Main results showed that: (i) the trout GIT has mRNAs encoding numerous key FA transporters characterized in mammals (FA transporter CD36 -FAT/CD36-, FA transport protein 4 -FATP4-, and monocarboxylate transporter isoform-1 -MCT-1-) and receptors (several free FA receptor -Ffar- isoforms, and G protein-coupled receptors 84 and 119 -Gpr84 and Gpr119-), and (ii) intragastrically-administered FAs differing in their length and degree of unsaturation (i.e., medium-chain (octanoate), long-chain (oleate), long-chain polyunsaturated (α-linolenate), and short-chain (butyrate) FAs) exert a differential modulation of the gastrointestinal abundance of mRNAs encoding the identified transporters and receptors and intracellular signaling elements, as well as gastrointestinal appetite-regulatory hormone mRNAs and proteins. Together, results from this study offer the first set of evidence supporting the existence of FA sensing mechanisms n the fish GIT. Additionally, we detected several differences in FA sensing mechanisms of rainbow trout vs. mammals, which may suggest evolutionary divergence between fish and mammals.Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431B 2022/01Agencia Estatal de Investigación española | Ref. PID2019-103969RB-C31Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte | Ref. FPU19/00122Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte | Ref. FPU16/00045Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. IJC2019-039166-

Impact of feeding diets with enhanced vegetable protein content and presence of umami taste-stimulating additive on gastrointestinal amino acid sensing and feed intake regulation in rainbow trout

The regulation of feed intake in fish is dependent upon different neuroendocrine and metabolic mechanisms including amino acid sensing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, there is little information regarding the impact of diets on such mechanisms. Therefore, in this study, we fed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with 3 diets: a diet with high content of fishmeal and low content of soybean protein concentrate (SPC) (HF), a diet with a reduced content of fishmeal and high content of SPC (LF), and the LF diet supplemented with an umami tastestimulating additive (LFU). Fish were fed ad libitum once a day for 4 weeks, with no significant differences being registered in feed intake among groups. At the end of the feeding trial, we collected samples of different areas of the GIT (stomach, proximal and distal intestine) and hypothalamus at different times: after 48 h of fasting (time 0), and 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h after feeding. We evaluated the activity of pepsin in the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin in the proximal intestine, as well as mRNA abundance of transcripts encoding amino acid transporters and taste receptors, intracellular signalling molecules, and hormones. Moreover, we assessed the hypothalamic mRNA abundance of neuropeptides involved in feed intake regulation. Feeding rainbow trout with LF did not result in marked alterations in parameters related to digestive function and amino acid sensing in the rainbow trout GIT, nor in the expression of gastrointestinal hormones (except cck) and hypothalamic neuropeptides. In contrast, supplementation of the LF diet with an umami taste-stimulating additive resulted in a general improvement of digestive or absorptive function (increased protein, dry matter and energy digestibility, and earlier peak in plasma amino acid levels) and activation of gut-brain axis mechanisms involved in feed intake regulation through the transcriptional activation of amino acid transporters, taste receptors, signalling molecules, and hormones. These results demonstrate that the dietary inclusion of umami receptor stimulants has the potential to improve fish physiological responses to the rise in levels of vegetable protein in the diet.Xunta de Galicia | Ref. GPC-ED431B 2022/01Ministerio de Universidades | Ref. FPU19/00122Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. IJC2019-039166-IUniversidade de Vigo/CISU

Hypothalamic AMPKα2 regulates liver energy metabolism in rainbow trout through vagal innervation

Hypothalamic AMPK plays a major role in the regulation of whole body metabolism and energy balance. Present evidence has demonstrated that this canonical mechanism is evolutionarily conserved. Thus, recent data demonstrated that inhibition of AMPKα2 in fish hypothalamus led to decreased food intake and liver capacity to use and synthesize glucose, lipids, and amino acids. We hypothesize that a signal of abundance of nutrients from the hypothalamus controls hepatic metabolism. The vagus nerve is the most important link between the brain and the liver. We therefore examined in the present study whether surgical transection of the vagus nerve in rainbow trout is sufficient to alter the effect in liver of central inhibition of AMPKα2. Thus, we vagotomized (VGX) or not (Sham) rainbow trout and then intracerebroventricularly administered adenoviral vectors tagged with green fluorescent protein alone or linked to a dominant negative isoform of AMPKα2. The inhibition of AMPKα2 led to reduced food intake in parallel with changes in the mRNA abundance of hypothalamic neuropeptides [neuropeptide Y ( npy), agouti-related protein 1 ( agrp1), and cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript ( cartpt)] involved in food intake regulation. Central inhibition of AMPKα2 resulted in the liver having decreased capacity to use and synthesize glucose, lipids, and amino acids. Notably, these effects mostly disappeared in VGX fish. These results support the idea that autonomic nervous system actions mediate the actions of hypothalamic AMPKα2 on liver metabolism. Importantly, this evidence indicates that the well-established role of hypothalamic AMPK in energy balance is a canonical evolutionarily preserved mechanism that is also present in the fish lineage

Methodology for decentralized analysis: detection, quantification and in situ monitoring of pharmaceutical formulations removal by electro-Fenton

Water quality is essential to both human and ecosystem health, and a fast detection of emerging pollutants is claimed, along with effective wastewater treatment plants to eliminate these types of substances. The goal of this study was the development of a sensitive and selective methodology to customize a handle device that meets this demand. Clozapine and its pharmacological formulation, Leponex®, were used as a model. The results obtained from the studies by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) demonstrated that this methodology allows a simpler and cheaper decentralized analysis without losing sensitivity, performing electrochemical measurements in situ, in real-time and directly without sample treatment, with a good precision (RSD 3.7 %) and excellent accuracy (recoveries between 97.6 and 99.9 %). Moreover, the methodology was successfully used for direct follow-up the medicine removal in real samples by electro-Fenton (EF) treatment. The results gathered showed a relative error of less than 2 % concerning the measurements made with the conventional potentiostat. Bearing this in mind, the effectiveness of these electrochemical techniques used in tandem with the comfort and high specificity offered by the portable device, a more exhaustive control of water quality can be achieved, thus improving the quality of life in the planet.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2020-113667GB-I00Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PDC2021-121394-I00Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. CTM2017-87326-RXunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2017/47Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431D 2017/0

A Ciencia Cierta: proyecto de visibilización

[RESUMEN] ¿Por qué no aprendemos en las escuelas los grandes logros que miles de mujeres han alcanzado para el avance de la humanidad? El currículum escolar, especialmente el formal, no refleja las conquistas y éxitos que las mujeres han conseguido a lo largo de la Historia. Su escasa presencia en los libros de texto, fundamentalmente en el campo de la Ciencia y de la Tecnología, genera una idea errónea, sesgada y parcial de quiénes fueron los protagonistas de los hechos y procesos históricos, científicos y tecnológicos más importantes para el desarrollo y el progreso de nuestra sociedad. Esta identificación del hombre como protagonista histórico, principalmente en estos campos, podría estar provocando una feminización y una masculinización de las carreras académicas y profesionales, propiciada desde la infancia por un orden simbólico minuciosamente establecido en el que impera la dominación masculina. La aplicación por tanto de la perspectiva de género en los contenidos escolares y en el propio currículum oculto, nos permite equilibrar las relaciones desiguales de poder y desbancar al androcentrismo del puesto privilegiado que la autoridad masculina le ha otorgado. En este texto se presenta un proyecto de investigación que pretende por un lado devolver a las mujeres pioneras, científicas y tecnólogas el espacio que les corresponde dentro de las escuelas y por tanto dentro del conocimiento global. Y por otro, visibilizar nuevos modelos femeninos referenciales para transformar las subjetividades individuales que se edifican con fuerza en la infancia y en la adolescencia

Anorectic role of high dietary leucine in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Effects on feed intake, growth, amino acid transporters and appetite-control neuropeptides.

Leucine has been identified to modulate feed intake and energy homeostasis in fish as in other vertebrates. Under allostatic conditions, energy expenditure may change, and adjustments to the processes that govern the energy homeostatic system may be necessary. We investigated the responsiveness of appetite-related neuropeptides involved in feed intake regulation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared with high (35 g/kg leucine) or control (27.3 g/kg leucine) leucine-supplemented diets and/or under chronic stressor conditions (chasing) for eight weeks. We also analysed the response of amino acid transporters potentially involved in uptake of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), including leucine, into areas of the brain where nutrient sensors may signal locally or to other areas involved in appetite control. At the end of the experiment, all fish were subjected to a novel-acute stressor (confinement). Our results show that fish fed with high leucine diet had a lower feed intake, growth, and hepatosomatic index (HSI) when compared to fish fed control leucine diet. In addition, increased mRNA expression of amino acid solute carrier (slc) genes in the diencephalon, and genes related to appetite control, such as proopiomelanocortin a1 (pomca1), in both the diencephalon and telencephalon, imply their involvement in leucine anorectic effect. Stress, as high leucine, reduced feed intake, growth and HSI of fish fed control or high leucine diet and antagonized the high leucine effect on the slc genes mRNA expression. An increase of neuropeptide y a1 (npya1) was observed both due to high dietary leucine and/or stress treatment which may represent a compensatory regulatory mechanism with the aim to reverse the decrease in feed intake. In summary, our results confirm an anorectic role of high dietary leucine via the activation of amino acid sensing mechanisms in the brain. Further, corticotropin-releasing hormone 1 b1 (crh1b1) and npya1 showed to play a role in the regulation of appetite in Atlantic salmon under stress conditions and/or high leucine levels.publishedVersio