Paleobiology of titanosaurs: reproduction, development, histology, pneumaticity, locomotion and neuroanatomy from the South American fossil record

Fil: García, Rodolfo A.. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología. Museo Provincial Carlos Ameghino. Cipolletti; ArgentinaFil: Salgado, Leonardo. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología. General Roca. Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Mariela. Inibioma-Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Bariloche. Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Cerda, Ignacio A.. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología. Museo Provincial Carlos Ameghino. Cipolletti; ArgentinaFil: Carabajal, Ariana Paulina. Museo Carmen Funes. Plaza Huincul. Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Otero, Alejandro. Museo de La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Coria, Rodolfo A.. Instituto de Paleobiología y Geología. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Fiorelli, Lucas E.. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica. Anillaco. La Rioja; Argentin

Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Conceptual Design Report Volume 2: The Physics Program for DUNE at LBNF

The Physics Program for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Fermilab Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) is described

Theropod Teeth From The Adamantina Formation (bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous), Monte Alto, São Paulo, Brazil

Theropod bone remains from the Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous, Southeastern Brazil, are scarce and poorly preserved. Because of that much of the information about these dinosaurs mainly relies on isolated teeth. Here we report a set of theropod teeth found in association with several crocodylomorph teeth and a well-preserved and semi-articulated sauropod dinosaur from the Adamantina Formation deposits. The teeth were analyzed under both morphological and morphometric point of views and the results showed they correspond to the clades Abelisauridae and Dromaeosauridae. To date, and based on osteological evidence, abelisaurids are the most common theropod clade in Bauru Group deposits. Additionally, although deinonychosaur remains have also been described for this unit, some of the teeth reported here might represent the first evidence of Dromaeosauridae for the Bauru Group. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.505971Alvarenga, H., Nava, W.R., Aves Enantiornithes do Cretáceo Superior da Formação Adamantina do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil (2005) Congresso Latinoamericano de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, 2, p. 20Altangerel, P., Norell, M.A., Clark, J.M., Anew maniraptoran theropod - Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae) - from the Upper Cretaceous of Burkhant, Mongolia (1999) Contributions of the Department of Geology, National University of Mongolia, 101, pp. 1-105Angolín, F.L., Novas, F.E., Unenlagiid theropods: are they members of the Dromaeosauridae (Theropoda, Maniraptora)? (2011) Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 83, pp. 117-162Báez, A.M., Peri, S., Baurubatrachus pricei, nov. gen. et sp., un anuro del Cretácico Superior de Minas Gerais, Brasil (1989) Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 61, pp. 447-458Báez, A.M., Gómez, R.O., Ribeiro, L.C.B., Martinelli, A.G., Teixeira, V.P.A., Ferraz, M.L.F., The diverse Cretaceous neobatrachian fauna of South America: Uberabatrachus carvalhoi, a new frog from the Maastrichtian Marília Formation, Minas Gerais, Brazil (2012) Gondwana Research, 22, pp. 1141-1150Batezelli, A., Arcabouço tectono-estratigráfico e evolução das bacias Caiuá e Bauru no Sudeste brasileiro (2010) Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 40, pp. 265-285Bertini, R.J., Evidências de Abelisauridae (Carnosauria: Saurischia) do Neocretáceo da Bacia do Paraná (1996) Simpósio sobre o Cretáceo do Brasil, 4, pp. 267-271Bertini, R.J., Marshall, L.G., Gayet, M., Brito, P.M., Vertebrate faunas from the Adamantina and Marília (Upper Bauru Group, Late Cretaceous, Brazil) in their stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic context (1993) Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 188, pp. 71-101Bertini, R.J., Franco, A.C., Toledo, C.E.V., Arruda-Campos, A.C., Theropod teeth from the Adamantina Formation, Upper Cretaceous of São Paulo State. Analysis of dental morphology (1997) Congresso Brasileiro de Paleontologia, 15, p. 103Bittencourt, J.D.S., Kellner, A.W.A., Abelisauria (Theropoda, Dinosauria) teeth from Brazil (2002) Boletim do Museum Nacional, 68, pp. 1-8Bittencourt, J.S., Langer, M.C., Mesozoic dinosaurs from Brazil and their biogeographic implications (2011) Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 83, pp. 23-60Bonaparte, J.F., Novas, F.E., Abelisaurus comahuensis n. g., n. sp., Carnosauria del Cretácico tardio de Patagonia (1985) Ameghiniana, 21, pp. 259-265Brito, R.J., Amaral, C.R.L., Machado, L.P., Aictiofauna do Grupo Bauru, Cretáceo Superior da Bacia Bauru, Sudeste do Brasil (2006) Paleontologia de Vertebrados: Grandes Temas e Contribuições Científicas. Interciência, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 133-143. , V. Gallo, P.M. Brito, H.M. Silva, F.J. Figueroa (Eds.)Burnham, D.A., New information on Bambiraptor feinbergi (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Cretaceous of Montana (2004) Feathered Dragons. Studies on the Transition from Dinosaurs to Birds, pp. 67-111. , Indiana University Press, Bloomington, P. Currie, E.B. Koppelhus, M.A. Shugar, J.L. Wright (Eds.)Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., Asauropod skeleton associated with theropod teeth in the Upper Jurassic of Thailand: Remarks on the taphonomic and paleoecological significance of such associations (1989) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 73, pp. 77-83Canale, J.I., Scanferla, C.A., Agnolin, F.L., Novas, F.E., New carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the evolution of abelisaurid theropods (2009) Naturwissenschaften, 96, pp. 409-414Candeiro, C.R.A., Cau, A., Fanti, F., Nava, W.R., Novas, F.E., First evidence of an unenlagiid (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Maniraptora) from the Bauru Group, Brazil (2012) Cretaceous Research, 37, pp. 223-226Candeiro, C.R.A., Torres, S., Moreira, A., Martins, V.C., Abrantes, E.A., Avilla, L.S., Abranches, C.T., Bergqvist, L.P., Novos achados de Dinosauria no oeste do Estado de São Paulo, na Formação Adamantina (Bacia Bauru) Cretáceo Superior (2002) Simpósio sobre o Cretáceo do Brasil, 6, pp. 409-413Candeiro, C.R.A., Abranches, C.T., Abrantes, E.A., Avilla, L.S., Martins, V.C., Moreira, A.L., Torres, S.R., Bergqvist, L.P., Dinosaur remains from Western São Paulo State, Brazil (Bauru Basin, Adamantina Formation, Upper Cretaceous) (2004) Journal of South American Earth Science, 18, pp. 1-10Candeiro, C.R.A., Martinelli, A.G., Avilla, L.S., Rich, T.H., Tetrapods from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian/Maastrichtian) Bauru Group of Brazil: a reappraisal (2006) Cretaceous Research, 27, pp. 923-946Candeiro, C.R.A., Santos, A.R., Rich, T.H., Marinho, T.S., Oliveira, E.C., Vertebrate fossils from the Adamantina Formation (Late Cretaceous), Prata Paleontological District, Minas Gerais State, Brazil (2006) Geobios, 39, pp. 319-327Colbert, E.H., Russell, D.A., The small Cretaceous dinosaur Dromaeosaurus (1969) American Museum Novitates, 2380, pp. 1-49Currie, P., Rigby, J., Sloan, R., Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada (1990) Dinosaur Systematics. Approaches and Perspectives, pp. 107-125. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, K. Carpenter, P. Currie (Eds.)Currie, P.J., Varricchio, D.J., Anew dromaeosaurid from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada (2004) Feathered Dragons. Studies on the Transition from Dinosaurs to Birds, pp. 112-132. , Indiana University Press, Bloomington, P. Currie, E.B. Koppelhus, M.A. Shugar, J.L. Wright (Eds.)Estes, R., Price, L.I., Iguanid lizard from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil (1973) Science, 180, pp. 748-751Fanti, F., Therrien, F., Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar (2007) Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52, pp. 155-166Fernandes, L.A., Coimbra, A.M., Revisão estratigráfica da parte oriental da Bacia Bauru (Neocretáceo) (2000) Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 30, pp. 717-728Forster, C.A., Sampson, S.D., Chiappe, L.M., Krause, D.W., The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar (1998) Science, 279, pp. 1915-1919Franco-Rosas, A.C., Methodological parameters for identification and taxonomic classification of isolated theropodomorph teeth (2002) Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 74, p. 367Franco-Rosas, A.C., Bertini, R.J., About the presence of Dromaeosauridae (Maniraptoriformes: Saurischia) teeth in the Bauru group, Southeastern Brazil. Paleogeographical, paleobiogeographical and chronological meanings (2003) Congresso Brasileiro de Paleontologia, 18, pp. 139-140Gauthier, J.A., Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds (1986) Memoirs of the California Academy of Science, 8, pp. 1-55Hammer, O., Harper, D., (2006) Paleontological Data Analysis, p. 351. , Blackwell Publishing, MaldenHammer, O., Harper, D.A.T., Ryan, P.D., PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis (2001) Palaeontologia Electronica, 4, pp. 1-9Hendrickx, C., Mateus, O., Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth (2014) Zootaxa, 3759, pp. 1-74Kellner, A.W.A., Remarks on Brazilian dinosaurs (1996) Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39, pp. 611-626Kellner, A.W.A., Azevedo, S.A.K., Anew sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil (1999) Proceedings of the Second Gondwanian Dinosaur Symposium 15, pp. 111-142Kellner, A.W.A., Campos, D.A., Brief review of dinosaur studies and perspectives in Brazil (2000) Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 72, pp. 509-538Kellner, A.W.A., Campos, D.A., (2002) On a theropod dinosaur (Abelisauria) from the continental Cretaceous of Brazil, pp. 163-170. , Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 60Kirkland, J.I., Burge, D., Gaston, R., Alarge dromaeosaur (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Utah (1993) Hunteria, 2, pp. 1-16Lubbe, T.V.D., Richter, U., Knötschke, N., Velociraptorine dromaeosaurid teeth from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Germany (2009) Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 54, pp. 401-408Machado, E.B., Avilla, L.S., Nava, W.R., Campos, D.A., Kellner, A.W.A., Anew titanosaur sauropod from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil (2013) Zootaxa, 3701, pp. 301-321Machado, E.B., Campos, D.A., Kellner, A.W.A., On a theropod scapula (Upper Cretaceous) from the Marília Formation, Bauru Group, Brazil (2008) Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 82, pp. 308-313Machado, E.B., Campos, D.A., Calvo, J.O., Kellner, A.W.A., Anew Abelisauroid from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil (2013) Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 30, pp. 446-452Makovicky, P.J., Apesteguía, S., Agnolín, F.L., The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America (2005) Nature, 437, pp. 1007-1011Marsh, O.C., Classification of the Dinosauria (1881) American Journal of Science, Series 3 (23), pp. 81-86Martinelli, A.G., Nava, W.R., Anew squamate lizard from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group), São Paulo State, Brazil (2011) Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 83, pp. 291-299Matthew, W.D., Brown, B., The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta (1922) Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 46, pp. 367-385Méndez, A.H., Novas, F.E., Iori, F.V., First record of Megaraptora (Theropoda, Neovenatoridae) from Brazil (2012) Comptes Rendus Palevol, 11, pp. 251-256Norell, M.A., Clark, J.M., Turner, A.H., Makovicky, P.J., Barsbold, R., Rowe, T., Anew dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Telgod (Ömnögov, Mongolia) (2006) American Museum Novitates, 3545, pp. 1-55Novas, F.E., Relaciones filogenéticas de lós dinossaurios terópodos ceratosaurios (1991) Ameghiniana, 28, p. 410Novas, F.E., Ribeiro, L.C.B., Carvalho, I.S., Maniraptoran theropod ungual from the Marilia Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Brazil (2005) Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 7, pp. 31-36Novas, F.E., (2009) The Age of Dinosaurs in South America, p. 452. , Indiana University Press, BloomingtonNovas, F.E., La evolución de los dinosaurios carnívoros (1992) Instituto "Juan de Valdes," Ayuntamiento de Cuenca, Actas II Curso de Paleontologia en Cuenca, pp. 123-163. , J.L. 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Los Dinosaurios y su Entorno BióticoNovas, F.E., Puerta, P.F., New evidence concerning avian origins from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (1997) Nature, 387, pp. 390-392Novas, F.E., Carvalho, I.S., Ribeiro, L.C.B., Mendez, A.H., First abelisaurid bone remains from the Maastrichtian Marília Formation, Bauru Basin, Brazil (2008) Cretaceous Research, 29, pp. 625-635Oliveira, G.R., Romano, P.S.R., Histórico dos achados de tartarugas fósseis do Brasil (2007) Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 65, pp. 113-133Ostrom, J.H., Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana (1969) Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 30, pp. 1-165Paula ESilva, F., (2003) Geologia de superfície e hidroestratigrafia do Grupo Bauru no Estado de São Paulo, p. 166. , PhD. thesis, São Paulo State UniversityRauhut, O.W.M., The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs (2003) Special Papers in Palaeontology, 69, pp. 1-213Rauhut, O.W.M., Werner, C., First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan) (1995) Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 69, pp. 475-489Richter, U., Mudroch, A., Buckley, L.G., Isolated theropod teeth from the Kem Kem Beds (Early Cenomanian) near Taouz, Morocco (2013) Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 87, pp. 291-309Santucci, R.M., Arruda-Campos, A.C., Anew sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini (2011) Zootaxa, 3085, pp. 1-33Santucci, R.M., Bertini, R.J., Distribuição paleogeográfica e biocronológica dos titanossauros (Saurischia, Sauropoda) do Grupo Bauru, Cretáceo Superior do Sudoeste brasileiro (2001) Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 31, pp. 307-314Sereno, P.C., Brusatte, S.L., Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger (2008) Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 53, pp. 15-46Smith, J.B., Dental morphology and variation in Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar (2007) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, pp. 103-126Smith, J.B., Dodson, P., Aproposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrates (2003) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, pp. 1-12Smith, J.B., Vann, D.R., Dodson, P., Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth (2005) The Anatomical Record Part A, 285, pp. 699-736Smith, J.B., Lamanna, M.C., An abelisaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Egypt: implications for theropod biogeography (2006) Naturwissenschaften, 93, pp. 242-245Smith, J.B., Dalla Vecchia, F.M., An abelisaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) tooth from the Lower Cretaceous Chicla formation of Libya (2006) Journal of African Earth Sciences, 46, pp. 240-244Sues, H.-D., The skull of Velociraptor mongoliensis, a small Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Mongolia (1977) Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 51, pp. 173-184Sues, H.-D., Anew small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta (1978) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 62, pp. 381-400Sullivan, R.M., Saurornitholestes robustus, n. sp. (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (De-na-zin Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico (2006) Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35, pp. 253-256. , S.G. Lucas, R.M. Sullivan (Eds.)Turner, A.H., Hwang, S.H., Norell, M.A., ASmall Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia (2007) American Museum Novitates, 3557, pp. 1-27Turner, A.H., Pol, D., Clarke, J.A., Erickson, G.M., Norell, M.A., Abasal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding Avian flight (2007) Science, 317, pp. 1378-1381Xing, L., Bell, P.R., Currie, P.J., Shibata, M., Tseng, K., Dong, Z., Asauropod rib with an embedded theropod tooth: direct evidence for feeding behaviour in the Jehol Group, China (2012) Lethaia, 45, pp. 500-50

The case for electron re-acceleration at galaxy cluster shocks

On the largest scales, the Universe consists of voids and filaments making up the cosmic web. Galaxy clusters are located at the knots in this web, at the intersection of filaments. Clusters grow through accretion from these large-scale filaments and by mergers with other clusters and groups. In a growing number of galaxy clusters, elongated Mpc-sized radio sources have been found1,2 . Also known as radio relics, these regions of diffuse radio emission are thought to trace relativistic electrons in the intracluster plasma accelerated by low-Mach-number shocks generated by cluster–cluster merger events 3 . A long-standing problem is how low-Mach-number shocks can accelerate electrons so efficiently to explain the observed radio relics. Here, we report the discovery of a direct connection between a radio relic and a radio galaxy in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 3411–3412 by combining radio, X-ray and optical observations. This discovery indicates that fossil relativistic electrons from active galactic nuclei are re-accelerated at cluster shocks. It also implies that radio galaxies play an important role in governing the non-thermal component of the intracluster medium in merging clusters.Galaxie

The case for electron re-acceleration at galaxy cluster shocks

On the largest scales, the Universe consists of voids and filaments making up the cosmic web. Galaxy clusters are located at the knots in this web, at the intersection of filaments. Clusters grow through accretion from these large-scale filaments and by mergers with other clusters and groups. In a growing number of galaxy clusters, elongated Mpc-sized radio sources have been found1,2 . Also known as radio relics, these regions of diffuse radio emission are thought to trace relativistic electrons in the intracluster plasma accelerated by low-Mach-number shocks generated by cluster–cluster merger events 3 . A long-standing problem is how low-Mach-number shocks can accelerate electrons so efficiently to explain the observed radio relics. Here, we report the discovery of a direct connection between a radio relic and a radio galaxy in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 3411–3412 by combining radio, X-ray and optical observations. This discovery indicates that fossil relativistic electrons from active galactic nuclei are re-accelerated at cluster shocks. It also implies that radio galaxies play an important role in governing the non-thermal component of the intracluster medium in merging clusters.Galaxie

A medium-sized ornithopod (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous Bajo Barreal Formation of Lago Colhu Huapi, southern Chubut Province, Argentina

An associated partial postcranial skeleton is described as the third definitive ornithopod dinosaur record from the Upper Cretaceous Bajo Barreal Formation of central Patagonia, Argentina. Specifically, the specimen was recovered from the uppermost Cretaceous (Campanian-?Maastrichtian) Upper Member of the Bajo Barreal exposed on an ephemeral island in the southeastern portion of Lago Colhu Huapi in southern Chubut Province. Identifiable elements of the skeleton include four incomplete dorsal vertebrae, three partial anterior caudal vertebrae, a middle caudal neural arch, an incomplete posterior caudal vertebra, a dorsal rib fragment, the right calcaneum, and portions of the left metatarsal III and right metatarsal IV. Comparisons with corresponding elements in other ornithischians indicate that the material pertains to a medium-sized, non-hadrosaurid ornithopod. In particular, the morphology of the calcaneum is characteristic of ornithopods of this "grade". The new discovery augments our understanding of the latest Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrate assemblage of central Patagonia and adds to the generally meager record of ornithischians in the Late Cretaceous of the Southern Hemisphere