Análise espacial das fábricas de automóveis no Brasil: considerações fundamentadas na Administração Política

O estudo do setor automotivo está relacionado com diversos fatores, entre eles: políticas públicas, decisões de investimentos, organização do trabalho, remuneração, rede de fornecedores, infraestrutura para distribuição da produção, entre outros. Este trabalho cataloga as unidades fabricantes de automóveis no Brasil, classifica cronologicamente o início das operações dessas unidades e avalia, através de três procedimentos distintos, a concentração espacial dos fabricantes de automóveis em operação. A revisão bibliográfica explicita as interrelações entre a Administração Política, o setor automotivo e os Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Entre essas inter-relações estão o incentivo do Estado (como o incentivo fiscal) e a distribuição espacial das unidades fabricantes de automóveis. A metodologia baseia-se na coleta de dados a partir da plataforma do Google Earth, e posteriormente na realização de análises espaciais. Sendo assim, analisou-se o início das operações das fábricas pesquisadas, bem como sua concentração espacial dando ênfase às fábricas de automóveis atualmente em operação no Brasil

Geniculate artery pseudoaneurysm after arthroscopic knee surgery: Two case reports

Arthroscopy of the knee is a very safe surgical procedure, with relatively few complications. Here we present the cases of two patients submitted to arthroscopic surgery for partial meniscectomy and reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with femoral transverse screw and tibial interference screw that developed a superior lateral genicular artery pseudoaneurysm. Doppler ultrasonography was performed for diagnostic purposes and the patients were treated by direct arterial suture. One patient developed a large haematoma requiring volemic replacement. These cases illustrate a rare, and not always benign vascular complication, in a minimally invasive arthroscopic surgery.A artroscopia do joelho é considerado um procedimento cirúrgico muito seguro, com um número relativamente pequeno de complicações. Relatamos o caso de dois pacientes do sexo masculino que foram submetidos à artroscopia de joelho (para meniscectomia parcial e reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior com parafuso transverso femoral e interferência tibial) que desenvolveram um pseudoaneurisma de artéria genicular superior lateral após o procedimento. A ultrassonografia com Doppler realizou o diagnóstico e os pacientes foram tratados cirurgicamente com ligadura arterial. Um paciente apresentou extenso hematoma na coxa e foi necessária reposição volêmica. Estes casos exemplificam uma complicação vascular rara, nem sempre benigna, em uma cirurgia minimamente invasiva do joelho.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Ortopedia e TraumatologiaUniversidade de Santo Amaro Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia Grupo de Cirurgia do JoelhoUNIFESP, Depto. de Ortopedia e TraumatologiaSciEL

Fenótipos de resistência antimicrobiana epidemiologicamente importantes em culturas de vigilância de um serviço terciário de saúde em Aracaju-SE

Introduction: The constant emergence and spread of bacterial phenotypes of resistance to multiple drugs has become a public health problem worldwide. Objective: To investigate the occurrence of critical antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in bacteria isolated from surveillance cultures. Method: Microbiological data were collected from surveillance cultures performed between January and December 2015 at a tertiary health service. 1,590 surveillance cultures using the VITEK 2 system for phenotypic identification and susceptibility to antimicrobials of the isolates were analyzed. The detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) was performed using the approach disc and carbapenem resistance method and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using diffusion disc methods. The detection of bacteria carrying the blaKPC, blaNDM and blaOXA-48 genes was carried out through the polymerase chain reaction in house  Results: The analysis identified 201 (12.64%) ESBL phenotypes, 173 (11.87%) resistant to carbapenems and 3 (0.18%) MRSA. 34 strains carrying genes encoding carbapenemases were detected, where 23 (67.64%) carried the blaKPC gene, 8 (23.53%) blaNDM and 3 (8.82%) both genes. Conclusions: It is a challenge to control the spread of critical resistance bacterial phenotypes. The predominance of ESBL in the referent hospital, as well as  the occurrence of genes that have not been reported for carbapenemases until then, confirm the importance of epidemiological surveillance and the encouragement of subsequent research.Introdução: O constante surgimento e a disseminação de fenótipos bacterianos de resistência a múltiplas drogas têm se tornado problemas de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Objetivo: Investigar a ocorrência de fenótipos críticos de resistência aos antimicrobianos em bactérias isoladas de culturas de vigilância. Método: Os dados microbiológicos foram coletados a partir de culturas de vigilância realizadas entre janeiro e dezembro de 2015 em um serviço terciário de saúde. Foram analisadas 1.590 culturas de vigilância utilizando o sistema VITEK 2 para identificação fenotípica e suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos dos isolados. A detecção de β-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) foi realizada por método de disco aproximação e a resistência aos carbapenêmicos e Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) por métodos de disco difusão. A detecção de bactérias portadoras dos genes blaKPC, blaNDM e blaOXA-48 foi realizada através da reação em cadeia da polimerase in house. Resultados: Foram identificadas 201 (12,64%) fenótipos de ESBL, 173 (11,87%) de resistência aos carbapenêmicos e 3 (0,18%) de MRSA. Foram detectadas 34 cepas portadoras de genes codificadores de carbapenemases, onde 23 (67,64%) carreavam o gene blaKPC, oito (23,53%) o blaNDM e três (8,82%) ambos os genes. Conclusões: É um desafio controlar a disseminação de fenótipos críticos de resistência bacterianos. O predomínio de ESBL no referente hospital, assim como a ocorrência de genes codificadores de carbapenemases até então não relatados, ratificam a importância da vigilância epidemiológica e do incentivo a pesquisas subsequentes

Withdrawal induces distinct patterns of FosB/Delta FosB expression in outbred Swiss mice classified as susceptible and resistant to ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization

Chronic drug exposure and drug withdrawal induce expressive neuronal plasticity which could be considered as both functional and pathological responses. It is well established that neuronal plasticity in the limbic system plays a pivotal role in relapse as well as in compulsive characteristics of drug addiction. Although increases in FosB/DeltaFosB expression constitute one of the most important forms of neuronal plasticity in drug addiction, it is unclear whether they represent functional or pathological plasticity. It is of noteworthy importance the individual differences in the transition from recreational use to drug addiction. These differences have been reported in studies involving the ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization paradigm. in the present study we investigated whether sensitized and non-sensitized mice differ in terms of FosB/DeltaFosB expression. Adult male outbred Swiss mice were daily treated with ethanol or saline for 21 days. According to the locomotor activity in the acquisition phase, they were classified as sensitized (EtOH_High) or non-sensitized (EtOH_Low). After 18 h or 5 days, their brains were processed for FosB/DeltaFosB immunohistochemistry. On the 5th day of withdrawal, we could observe increased FosB/DeltaFosB expression in the EtOH_High group (in the motor cortex), in the EtOH_Low group (in the ventral tegmental area), and in both groups (in the striatum). Differences were more consistent in the EtOH_Low group. Therefore, behavioral variability observed in the acquisition phase of ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization was accompanied by differential neuronal plasticity during withdrawal period. Furthermore, distinct patterns of FosB/DeltaFosB expression detected in sensitized and non-sensitized mice seem to be more related to withdrawal period rather than to chronic drug exposure. Finally, increases in FosB/DeltaFosB expression during withdrawal period could be considered as being due to both functional and pathological plasticity. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat & Med Psychol, BR-04038020 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Neurobiol Lab, BR-04039032 São Paulo, BrazilFac Med Sci Santa Casa São Paulo, Dept Physiol Sci, BR-01221020 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat & Med Psychol, BR-04038020 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Neurobiol Lab, BR-04039032 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Physiology Responses and Players' Stay on the Court During a Futsal Match: A Case Study With Professional Players

Physiological responses in futsal have not been studied together with temporal information about the players' stay on the court. The aim of this study was to compare heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration ([La-]) responses between 1-H and 2-H considering the time of permanency of the players on the court at each substitution in a futsal match. HR was recorded during entire match and [La-] was analyzed after each substitution of seven players. %HRmean (89.61 ± 2.31 vs. 88.03 ± 4.98 %HRmax) and [La-] mean (8.46 ± 3.01 vs. 8.17 ± 2.91 mmol·L-1) did not differ between 1-H and 2-H (ES, trivial-small). Time in intensity zones of 50-100 %HRmax differed only in 60-70 %HRmax (ES, moderate). HR coefficient of variation throughout the match was low (7%) and among the four outfield players on the court (quartets, 5%). Substitutions (2 player's participation in each half), time of permanence on the court (7.15 ± 2.39 vs. 9.49 ± 3.80 min), ratio between time in- and out-ratio on the court (In:Outcourt = 1:1.30 ± 1:0.48 vs. 1:1.05 ± 1:0.55 min) also were similar between 1-H and 2-H (ES, moderate and small, respectively). Balancing the number of substitutions, and the In:Outcourt ratio of players in both halves of the match, playing lower time at 1-H, ~8 min for each participation in the match, made it possible to maintain intensity of the match in 2-H similar to the 1H. These results are a good guidance to coaches and for application in future studies

Áreas Naturais Particulares em Ambientes Urbanos: Uma Revisão Bibliográfica

Urban natural areas provide significant benefits to human well-being. While the importance of these areas is largely acknowledged by scientific knowledge, legal incentives such as the Private Reserves of Municipal Natural Heritage (RPPNM) in the city of Curitiba, Brazil are a practical proof of a trend of measures to conserve these values. This bibliographical review explores the documentation of six topics related to these benefits considered as emerging in urban public policies. The results of the analysis point to the general recognition of the benefits to human well-being through indexes, but also points out the need to consider the benefits of planning resilient and more biodiverse cities

Sex differences in the coagulation process and microvascular perfusion induced by brain death in rats

Brain death (BD) leads to a systemic inflammation associated with the activation of coagulation, which could be related to decreased microcirculatory perfusion. Evidence shows that females exhibit higher platelet aggregability than males. Thus, we investigated sex differences in platelets, coagulation and microcirculatory compromise after BD. BD was induced in male and female (proestrus) Wistar rats. After 3 h, we evaluated: (i) intravital microscopy to evaluate mesenteric perfusion and leucocyte infiltration; (ii) platelet aggregation assay; (iii) rotational thromboelastometry; and (iv) SerumNOx-. Female rats maintained the mesenteric perfusion, whereas male reduced percentage of perfused vessels. Male BD presented higher platelet aggregation than the controls. In contrast, female BD had lower platelet aggregation than the control. Thromboelastometry indicated a reduction in clot firmness with increased clotting time in the female group compared with the male group. SerumNOx-level in female BD was higher than that in the male BD and female control. There is sex dimorphism in platelet function and clotting process, which are altered in different ways by BD. Thus, it is possible to connect the reduction in microcirculatory perfusion in males to intravascular microthrombi formation and the maintenance of perfusion in females to a higher inflammatory response and NO synthesis

Caseous Stomatitis Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Boa constrictor amarali

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium that belongs to the microbiota of snakes, but it may also be an opportunistic pathogen and contaminate humans through fecal contact, bites, and injuries. In snakes, this microorganism may present high pathogenicity at certain conditions and have been associated with high morbidity and mortality. Reports of infection of Boa constrictor by this pathogen are rare. Thus, this study aimed to describe the P. aeruginosa oral infection in a snake specimen (Boa constrictor amarali), approaching the isolation and identification of the infectious agents involved, the antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance, and the therapeutic protocol adopted.Case: A free-living adult female specimen of Boa constrictor amarali (Amaral's boa), with no described previous history was rescued in an urban area by the Environmental Police. Clinical evaluations showed structures of caseous aspect in the oral cavity, with hyperemia spots in the mucosa. Samples of these lesions were sent for mycological examination, and fungal forms were not found. Samples were collected for isolation and culture. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated microorganisms was determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. P. aeruginosa was isolated and showed susceptibility to amikacin, gentamicin, and polymyxin-B; intermediate susceptibility to azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin; and resistance to cephalexin, ceftiofur, chloramphenicol, and enrofloxacin. The treatment consisted of cleaning of the oral cavity, local infiltration of lidocaine for debridement of the caseous area that were later cauterized with iodine. Systemic antibiotic therapy was used, with intramuscular administration of amikacin (5 mg/kg) for the first dose and (2.5 mg/kg) for the other doses with intervals of 72 h, and oral administration of metronidazole (20 mg/kg) with intervals of 48 h, both during 21 days. Daily subcutaneous fluid therapy was performed as support treatment, using Lactated Ringer's solution (25 mg/kg) and Vitamin C (10 mg/kg) with intervals of 24 h, being the cure observed at the end of treatment.Discussion: This paper presents the pathological findings of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa oral infection in a B. constrictor amarali. This bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen that is commonly found  in snakes, thus, humans in contact with these animals may be contaminated with this pathogen. However, oral cavity lesions associated with P. aeruginosa had not yet been related to Boa constrictor amarali, which is a non-venomous species. Few bacteria associated with reptile diseases are primary causative agents. Clinical bacterial infections generally tend to be secondary to viral infections. Predisposing factors for the development of bacterial diseases in these reptiles include immunodepression, malnutrition, poor adaptation to captivity, and the maintenance of these animals at temperatures and humidities outside their thermal comfort range. In the present study, the P. aeruginosa behaved as an opportunistic pathogen, resulting in clinical manifestations with caseous lesions in the oral cavity, probably due to an imbalance of the microbiota caused by stress or immunodepression. The antibiogram allowed the adoption of a correct therapeutic protocol based on the susceptibility of the pathogen, resulting in remission of lesions and clinical signs after 21 days of treatment

Papel da ferritina na tolerância de arroz ao excesso de ferro

Deficiência de ferro (Fe) ocorre freqüentemente em plantas, uma vez que este mineral é pouco disponível em condições aeróbicas. Plantas de arroz cultivadas sob alagamento, no entanto, estão sujeitas ao excesso de Fe, que pode ser extremamente tóxico. Alguns cultivares de arroz são resistentes a altas concentrações de ferro, mas os mecanismos fisiológicos responsáveis por essa resistência são pouco conhecidos. A ferritina é uma proteína de ampla distribuição e capaz de armazenar ferro, sendo considerada importante para a homeostase deste metal. Acúmulo de ferritina em condições de alta disponibilidade de ferro já foi descrito em algumas espécies vegetais. Entretanto, o papel da ferritina no mecanismo de tolerância de plantas de arroz ao excesso de ferro não é conhecido. Neste trabalho, expressamos ferritina de arroz em E. coli, produzimos um anticorpo policlonal anti-ferritina de arroz e este foi utilizado para avaliar o acúmulo de ferritina em dois cultivares de arroz (Oryza sativa) considerados suscetível (BR-IRGA 409) e tolerante (EPAGRI 108) ao excesso de ferro. O anticorpo foi capaz de reconhecer ferritina purificada de sementes de ervilha, assim como ferritina de folhas de arroz. Aumentos nos níveis de mRNA e proteína foram observados nos dois cultivares sob excesso de ferro, com maior acúmulo da proteína no cultivar EPAGRI 108. Quando submetidas a excesso do elemento, plantas deste mesmo cultivar atingiram concentrações de Fe mais baixas do que plantas do cultivar BR-IRGA409, principalmente nas partes aéreas. Sugere-se que o mecanismo de tolerância ao excesso de ferro no cultivar EPAGRI 108 inclui limitação da translocação de Fe e aumento do acúmulo de ferritina. Este é o primeiro trabalho que mostra maior acúmulo da proteína ferritina em um cultivar de Oryza sativa tolerante ao excesso de Fe, fornecendo evidência de um possível papel desta proteína nos mecanismos de tolerância a este metal.Plants ordinarily face iron (Fe) deficiency, since this mineral is poorly available in soils under aerobic conditions. Nonetheless, wetland and irrigated rice plants can be exposed to excess, highly toxic Fe. Ferritin is a ubiquitous Fe-storage protein, important for iron homeostasis. Increased ferritin accumulation resulting from higher Fe availability was shown in some plant species. However, the role of ferritin in tolerance mechanisms to Fe overload in rice is yet to be established. In this study, recombinant rice ferritin was expressed in Escherichia coli, producing an anti-rice ferritin polyclonal antibody which was used to evaluate ferritin accumulation in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, either susceptible (BR-IRGA 409) or tolerant (EPAGRI 108) to Fe toxicity. Increased ferritin mRNA and protein levels resulting from excess Fe treatment were detected in both cultivars, with higher ferritin protein accumulation in EPAGRI 108 plants, which also reached lower shoot Fe concentrations when submitted to iron overload. The tolerance mechanism to excess Fe in EPAGRI 108 seems to include both restricted Fe translocation and increased ferritin accumulation. This is the first work that shows higher accumulation of the ferritin protein in an iron-excess tolerant Oryza sativa cultivar, providing evidence of a possible role of this protein in iron tolerance mechanisms

Dermatopathy Caused by Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Boa constrictor amarali

Background: Bacterial diseases are the main cause of the high mortality rates of snakes, especially those caused by gramnegative agents. However, studies on dermatopathy caused by these bacterial agents in snakes are scarce; and no reports have been found on Enterobacter aerogenes as causative agent of dermatopathy in snake species. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the clinical signs, and lesion evolution of a dermatopathy in a male snake (Boa constrictor amarali) specimen of approximately seven years old; and to describe the isolation and identification of the Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa agents involved in the cause of this disease.Case: The Boa constrictor amarali evaluated presented blackened cutaneous lesions in the dorsal, snout-vent and tail regions; and well-defined subcutaneous nodules of 2.0-3.0 cm diameter, with soft consistency, reddish color, cutaneous flaccidity, and areas of scale ulceration in the dorsolateral region. The clinical evaluation of the animal showed dehydration signs and pale mucous membranes. The blackened lesions were subjected to mycological analysis - after procedure of deep scale scraping - which showed presence of septate hyphae. The nodule was punctured for microbiological and biochemical analysis. The sample was collected with a sterilized alginate cotton tip swab, and was stored in a plastic tube containing a semi-solid Stuart transport medium, for microbiological analysis. Then, this sample was incubated in a bacteriological oven at 37°C for 24 h. Typical colonies of Pseudomonas and Enterobacter grew on MacConkey agar medium; these bacteria were identified by the colony morphology and their typical odor. The colonies grown in MacConkey agar were also identified through biochemical tests in the mediums: Phenol red, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Citrate, Urea and SIM (Sulfide, Indole, Motility). The results of these tests were able to confirm and identify the P. aeruginosa and E. aerogenes species. The animal died within 36 h, before the identification of the causative agents of the disease, thus, no pharmacological interference was possible.Discussion: Immunodepression, malnutrition, and temperatures and humidity outside the animal thermal comfort zone, are predisposing factors for the development of bacterial diseases in reptiles. Little information about pathogen agents affecting Boa constrictor specimens in their native area is available; however, captive snakes are subject to a wide variety of diseases - most of which caused or intensified by the captivity conditions. Among the bacteria involved in reptile diseases, few are primary causative agents. In general, clinical bacterial infections tend to be secondary to viral infections. The bacterial agents found in this study are commonly described in scientific literature with location in the oral cavity, differently from the results found in this study. Moreover, the bacterium E. aerogenes has not yet been described in other studies as a causative agent of dermatopathy. Reptiles are considered reservoirs of important zoonotic microorganisms, such as P. aeruginosa, which can be transmitted by fecal contact, bites and wounds. However, the little information on P. aeruginosa in captive reptiles indicates the need for further studies to establish its zoonotic potential. A most adequate management conditions for the snake species could have decreased the severity of the lesions. The occurrence of P. aeruginosa and E. aerogenes found in this work may alert professionals for future clinical suspicions and adequate therapeutic management