33 research outputs found
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Cenozoic global cooling and increased seawater Mg/Ca via reduced reverse weathering
© The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 844, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00853-5.Authigenic clay minerals formed on or in the seafloor occur in every type of marine sediment. They are recognized to be a major sink of many elements in the ocean but are difficult to study directly due to dilution by detrital clay minerals. The extremely low dust fluxes and marine sedimentation rates in the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) provide a unique opportunity to examine relatively undiluted authigenic clay. Here, using Mg isotopes and element concentrations combined with multivariate statistical modeling, we fingerprint and quantify the abundance of authigenic clay within SPG sediment. Key reactants include volcanic ash (source of reactive aluminium) and reactive biogenic silica on or shallowly buried within the seafloor. Our results, together with previous studies, suggest that global reorganizations of biogenic silica burial over the Cenozoic reduced marine authigenic clay formation, contributing to the rise in seawater Mg/Ca and decline in atmospheric CO2 over the past 50 million years.Funding for this research was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation to R.W.M. (OCE1130531) and to J.A.H. (OCE1654571)
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A Mg isotopic perspective on the mobility of magnesium during serpentinization and carbonation of the Oman Ophiolite
Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 126(2), (2021): e2020JB020237, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB020237.Alteration of mantle peridotite in the Samail ophiolite forms secondary minerals, mainly serpentine and Mgârich carbonates. Magnesium accounts for âŒ25 â 30% of peridotite mass and its mobility can be used to trace this alteration. We report the first set of Mg isotope measurements from peridotites and their alteration products in Oman. Partially serpentinized peridotites have Mg isotope ratios that are indistinguishable from estimates for the average mantle and bulk silicate earth (ÎŽ26Mg = â0.25 ± 0.04â°). However, more extensively altered peridotite samples show large shifts in Mg isotopic composition. The range of ÎŽ26Mg values for our suite of alteration products from the mantle section is âŒ4.5â° (from â3.39â° to 1.19â°), or >60% of the total range of terrestrial variability in ÎŽ26Mg values. Serpentine veins are typically enriched in 26Mg (max ÎŽ26Mg value = 0.96â°) whereas Mgâcarbonate veins are associated with low 26Mg/24Mg ratios (magnesite ÎŽ26Mg = â3.3â°, dolomite ÎŽ26Mg = â1.91â°). Our preferred explanation for the range in ÎŽ26Mg values involves coprecipitation of serpentine and carbonates at waterâtoârock ratios >103. The coincidence of alteration products characterized by ÎŽ26Mg values that are both lower and higher than bulk silicate Earth and the finite 14C ages of the carbonates suggest that both serpentinization and carbonation are ongoing in Oman. Rates of calcite precipitation in travertines inferred from Î26Mgcalâfl suggest that travertine formation in Oman sequesters a total of 106â107 kg CO2/yr, consistent with previous estimates.This work was supported through the Sloan FoundationâDeep Carbon Observatory (Grant 2014â3â01, Kelemen PI), the U.S.âNational Science Foundation (NSFâEARâ1516300, Kelemen lead PI).2021-06-0
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High-precision 41K/39K measurements by MC-ICP-MS indicate terrestrial variability of ÎŽ41K
Potassium is a major component in continental crust, the fourth-most abundant cation in seawater, and a key element in biological processes. Until recently, difficulties with existing analytical techniques hindered our ability to identify natural isotopic variability of potassium isotopes in terrestrial materials. However, measurement precision has greatly improved, and a range of K isotopic compositions has now been demonstrated in natural samples. In this study, we present a new technique for high-precision measurement of K isotopic ratios using high-resolution, cold
plasma multi-collector mass spectrometry. We apply this technique to demonstrate natural variability in the ratio of 41K to 39K in a diverse group of geological and biological samples, including silicate and evaporite minerals, seawater, and plant and animal tissues. The total range in 41K/39K ratios is ca. 2.6â°, with a long-term external reproducibility of 0.17â° (2Ï, N=108). Seawater and seawater-derived evaporite minerals are systematically enriched in 41K compared to silicate minerals by ca. 0.6â°, a result consistent with recent findings (1, 2). Although our average bulk-
silicate Earth value (-0.54â°) is indistinguishable from previously published values, we find systematic ÎŽ41K variability in some high-temperature sample suites, particularly those with evidence for the presence of fluids. The ÎŽ41K values of biological samples span a range of ca. 1.2â° between terrestrial mammals, plants, and marine organisms. Implications of terrestrial K isotope variability for the atomic weight of K and K-based geochronology are discussed. Our results indicate that high-precision measurements of stable K isotopes, made using commercially available
mass spectrometers, can provide unique insights into the chemistry of potassium in geological and biological systems
Groundwater discharge impacts marine isotope budgets of Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba
© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Mayfield, K. K., Eisenhauer, A., Santiago Ramos, D. P., Higgins, J. A., Horner, T. J., Auro, M., Magna, T., Moosdorf, N., Charette, M. A., Gonneea, M. E., Brady, C. E., Komar, N., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., & Paytan, A. Groundwater discharge impacts marine isotope budgets of Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. Nature Communications, 12(1), (2021): 148-020-20248-3, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20248-3.Groundwater-derived solute fluxes to the ocean have long been assumed static and subordinate to riverine fluxes, if not neglected entirely, in marine isotope budgets. Here we present concentration and isotope data for Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba in coastal groundwaters to constrain the importance of groundwater discharge in mediating the magnitude and isotopic composition of terrestrially derived solute fluxes to the ocean. Data were extrapolated globally using three independent volumetric estimates of groundwater discharge to coastal waters, from which we estimate that groundwater-derived solute fluxes represent, at a minimum, 5% of riverine fluxes for Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. The isotopic compositions of the groundwater-derived Mg, Ca, and Sr fluxes are distinct from global riverine averages, while Li and Ba fluxes are isotopically indistinguishable from rivers. These differences reflect a strong dependence on coastal lithology that should be considered a priority for parameterization in Earth-system models.We thank A. Beck, H. Dulai, I. Santos, C. Benitez-Nelson, W. Moore, A. Martin, and H. Windom for sample access. We also thank A. Kolevica, A. Heuser, H. Pryer, J. Middleton, R. Franks, F. Lon, N. Slater, and O. Ć ebek for their laboratory and analytical assistance. This material is based upon research supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program and an internship provided through the U.S. Geological Survey Graduate Research Internship Program (GRIP). This research was also supported by grants from: the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), Northern California chapter of the Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation, International Association of GeoChemistry, Geological Society of America, Northern California Geological Society, Myers Trust, Friends of Long Marine Lab, and UC MEXUS (to K.K.M.). We acknowledge funding from EU-ITN Horizon project 643084 (to A.E. and T.M.) and NSF grant Award Number 1259440 (to A.P.). We also acknowledge funding from NSF grant award number OCE-1736949 (to T.J.H.). Any use of trade, firm or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government
CUIDADOS PALIATIVOS NA ATENĂĂO PRIMĂRIA: CONHECIMENTO DOS MĂDICOS E ENFERMEIROS DA ESTRATĂGIA SAĂDE DA FAMĂLIA
Introdução: A transiçaoÌ demografÌ ica e epidemiologÌ ica aumenta a prevalĂȘncia de doenças crĂŽnico-degenerativas colocando em evidĂȘncia os cuidados no final da vida. Assim, deve-se difundir o conhecimento dos Cuidados Paliativos (CP) entre profissionais de saĂșde. Objetivo: Identificar o conhecimento e as principais fragilidades em CP dos profissionais de saudÌ e de nivÌ el superior que atuam na EstrategÌ ia SaĂșde da FamĂlia (ESF). MĂ©todos: Estudo transversal, analĂtico, realizado na ESF de SaoÌ Jose Ìde Ribamar - MA com medÌ icos e enfermeiros, utilizou-se um questionarÌ io alemaoÌ (Bonn Palliative Care Knowledge Test), versaoÌ em portuguĂȘs, para avaliar conhecimento e perfil de autoconfiança em CP. Foram entrevistados 66 pessoas, sendo 30 (45,4%) medÌ icos e 36 (54,6%) enfermeiros. Para o calÌ culo estatisÌ tico, foi utilizado o software SPSS v. 19 (nivÌ el de significĂąncia de 0,05). Para se avaliar os questionarÌ ios de conhecimento foi empregado o teste do Qui-quadrado. Resultados: NĂŁo houve diferenças significativas na frequĂȘncia de acertos entre mĂ©dicos e enfermeiros, o maior numÌ ero de acertos foi em questoeÌ s que abordam a dimensaoÌ fisÌ ica. A aferiçaoÌ de pressaoÌ arterial e da glicemia capilar foram as pratÌ icas mais comuns na assistĂȘncia ao paciente em CP, 46 profissionais (69,7%). Os profissionais de saĂșde que tiveram melhor desempenho tinham tempo de graduação †5 anos (dentre os medÌ icos) e â„ 10 anos (dentre os enfermeiros) ConclusĂŁo: As pratÌ icas assistenciais e entendimento dos profissionais para pacientes em CP saoÌ predominantemente voltadas para os aspectos fisÌ icos. Os profissionais expressam um elevado perfil de autoconfiança, porĂ©m de modo equivocado no que se refere aos CP.Palavras-chave: Cuidados paliativos. Atenção PrimĂĄria Ă SaĂșde. SaĂșde da FamĂlia
The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning
This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb
Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period.
We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments,
and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch
expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of
achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the
board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases,
JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite
have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range
that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through
observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures;
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29
Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research
Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4
While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge
of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5â7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8â11 In
the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the worldâs most diverse rainforest and the primary source of
Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13â15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazonâs biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus
crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced
environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian
Amazonia, while identifying the regionâs vulnerability to environmental change. 15%â18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by
2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status,
much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
The James Webb Space Telescope Mission
Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies,
expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling
for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least .
With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000
people realized that vision as the James Webb Space Telescope. A
generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of
the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the
scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000
team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image
quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief
history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing
program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite
detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space
Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure
Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research
Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%â18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost