Protestant Christian Missions, Race and Empire: The World Missionary Conference of 1910, Edinburgh, Scotland

This thesis explores prevailing and changing attitudes among Protestant Christians as manifested in the World Missionary Conference of 1910, held in Edinburgh, Scotland. It compares the conference to missionary literature to demonstrate how well it fit the context of the missionary endeavor during the Edwardian era. It examines the issues of race and empire in the thinking of conference participants. It pays particular attention to the position of West Africa and West Africans in conference deliberations. It suggests that the conference, which took place soon after the scramble for empire and just before World War I and the subsequent upsurge of nationalism and anti-colonialism, offers a valuable historical perspective on the uneven nature of globalizing Christianity

Analysis of Gear Wheel-shaft Joint Characterized by Comparable Pitch Diameter and Mounting Diameter

This paper presents the design procedure for a gear wheel-shaft direct frictional joint. The small difference between the operating pitch diameter of the gear and the mounting diameter of the frictional joint is the key feature of the connection. The contact surface of the frictional joint must be placed outside the bottom land of the gear, and the geometry of the joint is limited to the specific type of solutions.The strength analysis is based on the relation between the torque and statistical load intensity of the gear transmission. Several dimensionless parameters are introduced to simplify the calculations. Stress-strain verifying analysis with respect to combined loading, the condition of appropriate load-carrying capacity of the frictional joint and the fatigue strength of the shaft are applied to obtain the relations between the dimensions of the joint and other parameters. The final engineering solution may then be suggested. The approach is illustrated by a numerical example.The proposed procedure can be useful in design projects for small, high-powered modern reducers and new-generation geared motors, in particular when manufactured in various series of types

EARLIER AND PRESENT-DAY MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS OF POLISH PEOPLE

The beginnings of Polish emigration started in the thirteenth century, but its dimensions were quite small. The first major wave of emigration started in the sixteenth century, mainly because of educational, scientific and commercial reasons. The next breakthrough came during the partitions of Poland. There were waves of migration, related to specific historical events, such as uprisings for national liberation, but also purely economic which started from the first half of the nineteenth century. Despite regaining independence in 1918, the phenomenon of Polish emigration still remained at a high level; mostly because of bad economic situation. After the Second World War the emigration of the Poles was significantly slowed down by the government mainly because of the Cold War and very restrictive passport policy. The intensity of migration flows has increased over the years 60 and 70. Due to the activity of the social movement called «Solidarity» and the introduction of martial law as the governmentʼs response to it, in the years 1981 – 1983 the legal external migration was totally inhibited. The turning point in Polish emigration took place with the political transformation after 1989. In subsequent years next waves of economical migration of the Poles have been noticed. After 1 May 2004, due to the accession to the European Union there is observed further dynamic growth in economic migration of our citizens mainly to the countries of the «old fifteen». In recent years, the mass emigration of the Poles has some positive consequences: the decline in unemployment rate, the influx money to the families in the country, the acquisition new skills and foreign languages competence by leaving people, investing accumulated funds in the development of native private business enterprise. These benefits of the emigration cannot overshadow the threats, e.g.: shortage of manpower in specific sectors of the national economy today, depletion of the budget by the lack of tax revenues, which are paid abroad, progressive threat to the functioning of the pension system, wastage of production and creative potential of outgoing people, and waste of the cost of education. The increasing incidence of non-material motives to leave the country is important for the image of the contemporary Polish emigration. Our citizensʼ evolution of migration movements depends on changes of the social, economic and political situation and on the migration policy of governments of EU countries

Przejawy mobbingu w środowisku pracy policjantów

The article is mainly a presentation of the results of research on bullying symptoms in working environment of policemen. The author made a difficult attempt to objectively recognize the problems of the phenomenon of bullying in the workplace of policemen. The choice of this category of profession – additionally in the context of pathological phenomena in human relationships – was dictated by the specifics of work and interpersonal interactions in the profession with high importance of hierarchy, strong mental tensions and heavy professional responsibility that accompanies police work.Artykuł jest głównie prezentacją wyników badań nad przejawami mobbingu w środowisku pracy policjantów. Autor podjął w nim trudną do obiektywnego rozpoznania problematykę występowania zjawiska mobbingu w środowisku pracy policjantów. Wybór tej kategorii zawodowej w kontekście występowania patologicznych zjawisk w interakcjach międzyludzkich był podyktowany specyfiką pracy i relacji interpersonalnych w zawodzie o wysokim poziomie hierarchizacji oraz napięciem psychicznym i wysoką odpowiedzialnością zawodową, jakie towarzyszą pracy policjantów

Postrzeganie stresogenności pracy zawodowej przez studentów pedagogiki i nauczycieli

The article, in its main part, contains the research report on the perception of various aspects of vocational work with reference to their stress impact. The research was undertaken because of a growing interest in the issues of work safety and prevention of various pathological phenomena accompanying the functioning of the professional employees. The phenomenon of stress at work has become more and more widespread, and it takes its intensification as a result of civilizational, cultural and economic changes. Facing this nowadays, not only the proper assessment of symptoms and effects of stress on the individual seems to be very crucial but also studying the awareness of its essence and sources becomes important too. The study was conducted in two social groups: students of pedagogy and professionally active teachers. This procedure was to reveal the disclosure of differences in perception of stressful work by the young people standing on the threshold of their vocational careers, and adults having already significant experience in the functioning in the world of work.Artykuł stanowi w swej zasadniczej części raport z badań nad postrzeganiem różnych aspektów pracy zawodowej pod kątem ich stresogenności. Motywem podjęcia badań było rosnące zainteresowanie problematyką bezpieczeństwa pracy oraz przeciwdziałania różnym patologicznym zjawiskom, towarzyszącym funkcjonowaniu zawodowemu pracowników. Zjawisko stresu w pracy staje się coraz powszechniejsze, a co ważniejsze - następuje jego intensyfikacja w wyniku przemian cywilizacyjno-kulturowych i ekonomicznych. Tym bardziej istotne staje się nie tylko diagnozowanie samych przejawów i skutków oddziaływania stresu na jednostki, ale też badanie świadomości jego istoty oraz źródeł. Badania przeprowadzono w dwóch zbiorowościach: studentów kierunków pedagogicznych oraz czynnych zawodowo nauczycieli. Zabieg ten miał służyć ujawnieniu różnic w postrzeganiu stresogenności pracy przez osoby stojące u progu swej kariery zawodowej oraz posiadające już znaczące doświadczenia w funkcjonowaniu w świecie pracy

Postrzeganie własnych kompetencji zawodowych przez studentów pedagogiki UMCS

The article presents research findings on MCSU pedagogy students’ opinions about professional competences obtained by them during studies. These opinions referred to the level of knowledge, professional skills, and social competences. The paper shows the respondents’ views on the importance of the various groups of subjects, which determine the final shape of the work preparedness of pedagogy graduates. The author also reports about the decisions made by the surveyed regarding taking up any complementary measures in order to upgrade and ameliorate their professional competences outside the university, and the anticipation of such an activity after finishing their academic education. A final component of the study is the respondents’ evaluation of the employability in the learned profession.Artykuł stanowi komunikat z badań nad opiniami studentów pedagogiki UMCS na temat kompetencji zawodowych uzyskiwanych przez nich w trakcie studiów. Opinie te odnoszą się do poziomu zdobywanych podczas edukacji akademickiej wiedzy i umiejętności zawodowych oraz kompetencji społecznych. W opracowaniu zaprezentowano także poglądy badanych dotyczące znaczenia poszczególnych grup przedmiotów kształcenia, decydujących o ostatecznym kształcie przygotowania zawodowego absolwentów pedagogiki. Autor informuje także o podejmowaniu przez respondentów działań uzupełniających kompetencje zawodowe poza uczelnią oraz antycypacji takiej aktywności po zakończeniu edukacji akademickiej. Dopełnieniem raportu z badań są oceny badanych dotyczące szans na zatrudnienie w wyuczonym zawodzie

Creación de una web común para los refugios de animales

El proyecto "Creación de una web común para los refugios de animales" es un proyecto del fin de grado de ingeniería informática, de la especialidad de la ingeniería del software, para la Facultad de Informática de Barcelona (FIB). El proyecto fue desarrollado de forma individual, con supervisión y ayuda del director del proyecto, y también guiado en parte por el profesorado del GEP. El trabajo consistió en la creación de una web común para los refugios de animales, se trataba de crear un sistema al que puede acceder cualquier refugio de animales en el cual pueden publicar sus animales en la web para darles más visibilidad y facilitar el rescate de los animales. Se emplea un stack muy parecido al MERN: React JS + Node JS + Express JS Y en lugar de usar MongoDB, se emplea MariaDB.The project "Creación de una web común para los refugios de animales" is a project for the end of the degree in computer engineering, specialising in software engineering, for the engineering, for the Faculty of Computer Science of Barcelona (FIB). The The project was developed individually, with supervision and help from the project project director, and also guided in part by the GEP teaching staff. It consisted in the creation of a common website for animal shelters. The idea was to create a system that can be accessed by any animal shelter where they can publish their which they can publish their animals on the web to give them more visibility and facilitate the rescue of animals. visibility and facilitate the rescue of the animals. MERN-like stack is used: React JS + Node JS + Express JS And instead of using MongoDB, MariaDB is used

The distribution and behaviour of small mammals in relation to natural and modified snow in the Australian Alps

Snow is an important factor in the lives of flora and fauna in those regions where it occurs. Despite this, there is a relative lack of information about the ecological role of snow. In addition, on a global scale the majority of the research on snow ecology has been based in the boreal regions of North America and Eurasia. Insights from these areas may not extrapolate well to Australia. The distribution and physical characteristics of snow are highly variable both temporally and spatially. Its occurrence is affected by a range of factors acting at multiple scales. Working in snow covered areas, however, presents considerable practical problems, particularly for researchers attempting to sample organisms in the subnivean space between the base of the snowpack and the ground surface. As a result, most research has focused on small-scale projects because of logistical and animal-welfare issues. A technique was developed for this study for sampling small mammals beneath the snow using hairtubes fitted with bait and a removable adhesive surface that could be inserted into the subnivean space through a vertical PVC pipe. The technique provided a 39% detection rate with only 0.2% of tubes visited but not collecting hair samples. Using. this technique, it was possible to expand systematic sampling of small mammals in the subnivean space to larger scales at which snow cover can vary spatially and temporally particularly at the landscape scale. The main part of this research was conducted over two winters (2002-2003) at sites established in a series of valleys close to the Summit Road in Kosciuszko National Park, south-eastern Australia. Selection of sites was based on factors considered important in influencing the distribution of snow in the landscape and representative of the key vegetation types occurring in the subalpine zone. The resulting design consisted of 72 sites stratified by elevation (1501-1600 m, 1601-1700 m, 1701-1800 m), aspect (accumulating, ablating) and vegetation type (woodland, wet heath, dry heath, grassland) with each combination replicated three times. Each site consisted of three hairtube plots approximately 10 metres apart, at which small mammals were sampled. In addition, a range of biotic and abiotic factors including snow cover characteristics were measured throughout the winter at these same sites. In January 2003, a major bushfire burned 70% of the subalpine area of Kosciuszko National Park and damaged 83% of the sites established in 2002. As a result sampling during winter 2003 was limited to high elevation sites, along with a fifth habitat type (boulderfields). The snow cover that occurs in the main alpine and subalpine region of the· Snowy Mountains is primarily maritime in areas where there is sufficient accumulation, and ephemeral at lower elevations and ort higher ablating aspects. Maritime snow is generally deep (> lOOcm), with a density >0.30gcm-3, as a result of destructive metamorphism throughout the winter. The formation of depth hoar, which is considered to be important in acilitating the development of the subnivean space, does not occur under these conditions. Ephemeral snow is characterised by warm shallow snow that often melts before new snow is deposited. When snow was present, detections of dusky antechinus, Antechinus swainsonii and the bush rat, Rattus fuscipes were negatively correlated with snow depth and duration, and positively correlated with the complexity of structures and microtopography. At high elevations, detections were largely confined to boulderfields, and at mid- and low elevations, small mammals were detected primarily in habitats where the subnivean space was most extensive. Antechinus swainsonii and R. fuscipes responded differently to snow cover with the latter seeming better able to overwinter where snow cover was shallow and patchy. In contrast, A. swainsonii occurrence was correlated with the size of the subnivean space. The development of the subnivean space in the Snowy Mountains is dependent on the presence of structures such as shrubs, boulders and microtopographic features that are capable of supporting a snow layer above ground level. The temperature in the subnivean space was virtually constant beneath the snowpack, ranging between 0 and + 1 °C. When snow was patchy or absent, temperatures at ground level were highly variable with a minimum as low s -13°C and maximum as high as +47.5°C. Antechinus swainsonii and R. fuscipes were detected more regularly at sites that were thermally variable. At sites with deep and persistent snow cover (maritime snow), subnivean temperatures were stable, but small mammals were detected at low frequencies. At high elevations, boulderfields were favoured by small mammals during the nival period but were no different thermally from other habitats. The limitations imposed by snow cover on small mammals were further verified by a radio tracking study conducted during 2003 at Perisher Creek. That study investigated the home range size and activity patterns of R. fuscipes and A. swainsonii in relation to snow cover. Once continuous snow cover became established, the home range of both species contracted dramatically and there was an increase in home range overlap. Neither species showed any change in diurnal activity patterns. Rattus fascipes showed signs of social interaction during both seasons in contrast to A. swainsonii, which appeared to remain solitary. In winter, R. fuscipes nested communally at a single location, while during autumn the species appeared to use a number of nest sites. There was no significant change in daily activity patterns between autumn and winter in either species. R. fuscipes remained primarily nocturnal during both pre-nival and nival periods while A. swainsonii continued to be active throughout the diel cycle, although there was a slight shift in its peak activity time. Human activities can, have significant effects on the subnivean space and its residents. The physical characteristics of a range of modified snow types were investigated in the vicinity of several ski resorts in Kosciuszko National Park. Human activities associated with snow-based recreation, such as the creation of ski pistes, surface ski lifts and over-snow routes, involve compression of the snowpack and resulted in small or absent subnivean spaces and high snow cover densities compared to unmodified snow cover. To test the effects of the loss of the subnivean space on small mammals, the snowpack was experimentally compressed in high quality subnivean habitats. Detections of R. fascipes and A. swainsonii declined by 75-80%. Burnt sites from the 2002 study were used in 2003 to investigate the effect of removing vegetation on the subnivean space, to simulate the loss of structure associated with ski slope preparation. There was a significant reduction (p<0.0001) in the size of the subnivean space compared to unburnt sites regardless of habitat type. The key conclusions of the work reported in this thesis are listed below: • Snow conditions in the Australian Alps are markedly different from those of higher northern latitudes and altitudes. As a result, conclusions about snow/fauna interactions based on research in regions with particular snow cover types need to be carefully considered before attempting to extrapolate generalisations to other parts of the world. • The subnivean space can be formed either by passive or active processes. The former occurs when there are sufficient competent structures to permit the support of the snow pack above the ground surface, while the latter refers to the ability of small mammals to actively tunnel through relatively low density snow (depth hoar) and thus create their own subnivean space. In Australia the passive process dominates. • The widely held assumption that small mammals are dependent on the thermally stable conditions in the subnivean space was not confirmed. Rattus fascipes and A. swainsonii survive in the Australian Alps because they are able to exploit thermally variable environments. • Management of human activities in nival areas should focus on avoiding disturbance in areas where a subnivean space forms, particularly in high quality winter habitats such as boulderfields. • Global warming resulting from climate change is likely to provide conditions in the Australian Alps that favour an expansion of the distribution and population of R. fuscipes and A. swainsonii, but nival endemics such as Burramys parvus and possibly Mastacomys fuscus may be at a disadvantage. • The extent of alpine and subalpine environments in Australia will decrease in future, imposing greater pressure on a shrinking resource and raising the possibility of conflict between user groups and conservation imperatives