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Biochar Improves the Properties of Poultry Manure Compost as Growing Media for Rosemary Production

[EN] Compost represents a sustainable alternative for peat (P) replacement in soilless plant cultivation, but its use can be limited by several inadequate physical and physicochemical properties. Biochar can alleviate some of the limitations of compost for its use as growth media by improving the physical properties, decreasing salinity and making the phytotoxic compounds unavailable for plants. We studied the physical and physicochemical properties of holm oak biochar (B), poultry manure compost (PMC), poultry manure composted with biochar (PMBC), a commercial peat (P) and multiple combinations of these materials as growth media, and their effect on the rooting and growth of rosemary. PMBC and PMC showed similar physical and physicochemical properties as growing media, and they both were phytotoxic when used in a rate above 50% (by volume) in the growing medium. However, when used at proportion of 25%, PMBC was less phytotoxic than PMC and enhanced the percentage of rosemary cutting rooting. The incorporation of B in the growing medium instead of P (either at 50% or 75% in volume) increased the stability of the growing media and the percentage of rooted cuttings, but it did not affect plant growth significantly. Our results demonstrate the potential of substituting peat by a combination of poultry manure compost and biochar for the formulation of growth media.This research was funded by SPANISH MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND COMPETITIVENESS, grant numbers AGL2012-40143-C02-01 and RTI2018-099417-B-I00, co-funded with EU FEDER fundsFornes Sebastiá, F.; Liu-Xu, L.; Lidón, A.; Sanchez-Garcia, M.; Luz Cayuela, M.; Sanchez-Monedero, MA.; Belda Navarro, RM. (2020). Biochar Improves the Properties of Poultry Manure Compost as Growing Media for Rosemary Production. 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Biological oxidation of elemental sulphur added to three composts from different feedstocks to reduce their pH for horticultural purposes. Bioresource Technology, 98(18), 3561-3569. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.008Alburquerque, J. A., Gonzálvez, J., García, D., & Cegarra, J. (2006). Measuring detoxification and maturity in compost made from «alperujo», the solid by-product of extracting olive oil by the two-phase centrifugation system. Chemosphere, 64(3), 470-477. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.055Wang, P., Changa, C. M., Watson, M. E., Dick, W. A., Chen, Y., & Hoitink, H. A. J. (2004). Maturity indices for composted dairy and pig manures. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 36(5), 767-776. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.12.012Sáez, J. A., Belda, R. M., Bernal, M. P., & Fornes, F. (2016). Biochar improves agro-environmental aspects of pig slurry compost as a substrate for crops with energy and remediation uses. Industrial Crops and Products, 94, 97-106. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.08.035Kelleher, B. ., Leahy, J. ., Henihan, A. ., O’Dwyer, T. ., Sutton, D., & Leahy, M. . (2002). Advances in poultry litter disposal technology – a review. Bioresource Technology, 83(1), 27-36. doi:10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00133-xAtiyeh, R. M., Subler, S., Edwards, C. A., Bachman, G., Metzger, J. D., & Shuster, W. (2000). Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in horticultural container media and soil. Pedobiologia, 44(5), 579-590. doi:10.1078/s0031-4056(04)70073-6Steiner, C., & Harttung, T. (2014). Biochar as a growing media additive and peat substitute. Solid Earth, 5(2), 995-999. doi:10.5194/se-5-995-2014Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Street-Perrott, F. A., Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (2010). Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nature Communications, 1(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms1053Fornes, F., & Belda, R. M. (2018). Biochar versus hydrochar as growth media constituents for ornamental plant cultivation. Scientia Agricola, 75(4), 304-312. doi:10.1590/1678-992x-2017-0062Tian, Y., Sun, X., Li, S., Wang, H., Wang, L., Cao, J., & Zhang, L. (2012). Biochar made from green waste as peat substitute in growth media for Calathea rotundifola cv. Fasciata. Scientia Horticulturae, 143, 15-18. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2012.05.018Fornes, F., Belda, R. M., Fernández de Córdova, P., & Cebolla-Cornejo, J. (2017). Assessment of biochar and hydrochar as minor to major constituents of growing media for containerized tomato production. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(11), 3675-3684. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8227Petruccelli, R., Bonetti, A., Traversi, M. L., Faraloni, C., Valagussa, M., & Pozzi, A. (2015). Influence of biochar application on nutritional quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Crop and Pasture Science, 66(7), 747. doi:10.1071/cp14247Belda, R. M., Lidón, A., & Fornes, F. (2016). Biochars and hydrochars as substrate constituents for soilless growth of myrtle and mastic. Industrial Crops and Products, 94, 132-142. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.08.024Fornes, F., & Belda, R. M. (2019). Use of raw and acidified biochars as constituents of growth media for forest seedling production. New Forests, 50(6), 1063-1086. doi:10.1007/s11056-019-09715-yHuang, L., Niu, G., Feagley, S. E., & Gu, M. (2019). Evaluation of a hardwood biochar and two composts mixes as replacements for a peat-based commercial substrate. Industrial Crops and Products, 129, 549-560. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.044Alvarez, J. M., Pasian, C., Lal, R., Lapez, R., & Ferna¡ndez, M. (2017). Vermicompost and biochar as substitutes of growing media in ornamental-plant production. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 19(03), 205-214. doi:10.37855/jah.2017.v19i03.37Steiner, C., Das, K. C., Melear, N., & Lakly, D. (2010). Reducing Nitrogen Loss during Poultry Litter Composting Using Biochar. Journal of Environmental Quality, 39(4), 1236-1242. doi:10.2134/jeq2009.0337Wang, C., Lu, H., Dong, D., Deng, H., Strong, P. J., Wang, H., & Wu, W. (2013). Insight into the Effects of Biochar on Manure Composting: Evidence Supporting the Relationship between N2O Emission and Denitrifying Community. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(13), 7341-7349. doi:10.1021/es305293hWang, Y., Villamil, M. B., Davidson, P. C., & Akdeniz, N. (2019). A quantitative understanding of the role of co-composted biochar in plant growth using meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment, 685, 741-752. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.244Sánchez-García, M., Alburquerque, J. A., Sánchez-Monedero, M. A., Roig, A., & Cayuela, M. L. (2015). Biochar accelerates organic matter degradation and enhances N mineralisation during composting of poultry manure without a relevant impact on gas emissions. 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Scientific Reports, 7(1). doi:10.1038/srep44382Elad, Y., David, D. R., Harel, Y. M., Borenshtein, M., Kalifa, H. B., Silber, A., & Graber, E. R. (2010). Induction of Systemic Resistance in Plants by Biochar, a Soil-Applied Carbon Sequestering Agent. Phytopathology®, 100(9), 913-921. doi:10.1094/phyto-100-9-0913Graber, E. R., Meller Harel, Y., Kolton, M., Cytryn, E., Silber, A., Rav David, D., … Elad, Y. (2010). Biochar impact on development and productivity of pepper and tomato grown in fertigated soilless media. Plant and Soil, 337(1-2), 481-496. doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0544-6Fornes, F., Belda, R. M., & Lidón, A. (2015). Analysis of two biochars and one hydrochar from different feedstock: focus set on environmental, nutritional and horticultural considerations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 86, 40-48. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.057Fornes, F., Belda, R. M., Carrión, C., Noguera, V., García-Agustín, P., & Abad, M. (2007). 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The Development of Archivist Culture in Mexico

Resumen: El presente trabajo aborda la evolución archivística en el contexto mexicano bajo cuatro ejes de análisis: las instituciones archivísticas, la legislación, la formación profesional y las asociaciones profesionales. Se hace una revisión cronológica de manera transversal y paralela con los hechos -dentro de este marco- que han marcado el devenir de la disciplina y evidencian la incipiente presencia de la archivística nacional a través de las acciones que se han emprendido y han hecho visible a la disciplina. El empalme sucesivo, natural y poco estructurado de principios a mediados del siglo pasado, ha servido de base para construir el andamiaje en el que, a través de la oferta educativa de carreras a nivel superior por un lado y, por otro, el desarrollo propio de la profesión mediante la inserción de Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación y su regulación a través de un marco legal, han ido gestando una Archivística nacional que ha incidido en un gremio profesional embrionario y más o menos organizado.Abstract: This paper addresses the evolution of archives in the Mexican context under four axes of analysis, archive institutions, legislation, professional training, and professional associations. A transverse and parallel chronological review of the facts is performed within this framework, which has marked the development of the discipline and shows the emerging presence of the national archives through the actions to be undertaken and made visible to the discipline. The successive, natural and unstructured during the beginning to the middle of the past century, have been the basis for building the scaffolding that through the education offered by universities on the one hand and,to the other hand the self-development of the profession through the integration of Information Technology and Communication and its regulation through a legal framework have been developing National Archives which has resulted in an embryonic professional association more or less organized

Olive Waste Valorization Through TGA-MS Gasification: A Diatomaceous Earth Effect

The effect of diatomaceous earth on gasification of olive pomace and olive stone was studied by thermogravimetric analysis with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS). Additionally, gas emissions, the H2/CO ratio, and gasification reactivity were evaluated. First, a preliminary study of the effect of particle size on olive waste gasification was performed to select the most appropriate from a technical and industrial point of view. With olive pomace, the larger the particle size, the lower H2/CO and reactivity. However, with olive stone, optimum results were observed with the largest particles. Subsequently, olive waste was mixed with different percentages (10, 25, and 50 wt %) of diatomaceous earth. When olive pomace contained diatomaceous earth, even though there was no substantial improvement in reactivity, syngas quality in terms of H2/CO was significantly enhanced and increased by up to four times. However, the diatomaceous earth effect on olive stone gasification was more remarkable, enhancing both reactivity and the H2/CO ratio. Different behaviors in the biomasses were due to the different impacts of the alkali and alkaline earth metals on the diatomaceous earth. Whereas both of these made positive contributions to the olive stone, only the latter had a significant influence on olive pomace.El efecto de la tierra de diatomeas sobre la gasificación del orujo de aceituna y del hueso de aceituna se estudió mediante análisis termogravimétrico con espectrometría de masas (TGA-MS). Adicionalmente se evaluaron las emisiones de gases, la relación H 2 /CO y la reactividad de gasificación. En primer lugar, se realizó un estudio preliminar del efecto del tamaño de partícula en la gasificación de los orujos para seleccionar los más adecuados desde el punto de vista técnico e industrial. Con orujo de oliva, cuanto mayor es el tamaño de partícula, menor H 2/CO y reactividad. Sin embargo, con el hueso de aceituna se observaron resultados óptimos con las partículas más grandes. Posteriormente, los orujos se mezclaron con diferentes porcentajes (10, 25 y 50 % en peso) de tierra de diatomeas. Cuando el orujo de oliva contenía tierra de diatomeas, aunque no hubo una mejora sustancial en la reactividad, la calidad del gas de síntesis en términos de H 2 /CO mejoró significativamente y aumentó hasta cuatro veces. Sin embargo, el efecto de la tierra de diatomeas sobre la gasificación del hueso de aceituna fue más notable, mejorando tanto la reactividad como el H 2relación /CO. Los diferentes comportamientos en las biomasas se debieron a los diferentes impactos de los metales alcalinos y alcalinotérreos sobre la tierra de diatomeas. Mientras que ambos hicieron contribuciones positivas al hueso de aceituna, solo el último tuvo una influencia significativa en el orujo de aceituna

PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA GENERAL DE LA ASIGNATURA DE INGLÉS 3

GUÍA DIDÁCTICA / PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA (NMS

PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA GENERAL DE LA ASIGNATURA INGLÉS 4

GUÍA DIDÁCTICA / PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA (NMS