Gadolinium-based nanoparticles for theranostic MRI-radiosensitization

International audienceA rapid development of gadolinium-based nanoparticles is observed due to their attractive properties as MRI-positive contrast agents. Indeed, they display high relaxivity, adapted biodistribution and passive uptake in the tumor thanks to enhanced permeability and retention effect. In addition to these imaging properties, it has been recently shown that they can act as effective radiosensitizers under different types of irradiation (radiotherapy, neutron therapy or hadron therapy). These new therapeutic modalities pave the way to therapy guided by imaging and to personalized medicine

Zwitterion functionalized gold nanoclusters for multimodal near infrared fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging

International audienceGold nanoclusters (Au NCs) are an emerging type of theranostic agents combining therapeutic and imaging features with reduced toxicity. Au NCs stabilized by a zwitterion ligand with a fine control of the metal core size and the ligand coverage were synthesized by wet chemistry. Intense fluorescence signal is reported for the highest ligand coverage whereas photoacoustic signal is stronger for the largest metal core. The best Au NCs candidate with an average molecular weight of 17 kDa could be detected with high sensitivity on a 2D-NIR imaging instrument (LOD = 2.3 µM) and by photoacoustic imaging. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate an efficient cell uptake in U87 cell lines, a fast renal clearance (t 1/2 α = 6.5±1.3 min) and a good correlation between near 2 infrared fluorescence and photoacoustic measurements to follow the early uptake of Au NCs in liver

Theranostics in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has the potential to specifically destroy tumor cells without damaging the tissues infiltrated by the tumor. BNCT is a binary treatment method based on the combination of two agents that have no effect when applied individually: 10B and thermal neutrons. Exclusively, the combination of both produces an effect, whose extent depends on the amount of 10B in the tumor but also on the organs at risk. It is not yet possible to determine the 10B concentration in a specific tissue using non-invasive methods. At present, it is only possible to measure the 10B concentration in blood and to estimate the boron concentration in tissues based on the assumption that there is a fixed uptake of 10B from the blood into tissues. On this imprecise assumption, BNCT can hardly be developed further. A therapeutic approach, combining the boron carrier for therapeutic purposes with an imaging tool, might allow us to determine the 10B concentration in a specific tissue using a non-invasive method. This review provides an overview of the current clinical protocols and preclinical experiments and results on how innovative drug development for boron delivery systems can also incorporate concurrent imaging. The last section focuses on the importance of proteomics for further optimization of BNCT, a highly precise and personalized therapeutic approach

Theranostics in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has the potential to specifically destroy tumor cells without damaging the tissues infiltrated by the tumor. BNCT is a binary treatment method based on the combination of two agents that have no effect when applied individually: B-10 and thermal neutrons. Exclusively, the combination of both produces an effect, whose extent depends on the amount of B-10 in the tumor but also on the organs at risk. It is not yet possible to determine the B-10 concentration in a specific tissue using non-invasive methods. At present, it is only possible to measure the B-10 concentration in blood and to estimate the boron concentration in tissues based on the assumption that there is a fixed uptake of B-10 from the blood into tissues. On this imprecise assumption, BNCT can hardly be developed further. A therapeutic approach, combining the boron carrier for therapeutic purposes with an imaging tool, might allow us to determine the B-10 concentration in a specific tissue using a non-invasive method. This review provides an overview of the current clinical protocols and preclinical experiments and results on how innovative drug development for boron delivery systems can also incorporate concurrent imaging. The last section focuses on the importance of proteomics for further optimization of BNCT, a highly precise and personalized therapeutic approach

Monte Carlo simulations guided by imaging to predict the in vitro ranking of radiosensitizing nanoparticles

International audienceThis article addresses the in silico–in vitro prediction issue of organometallic nanoparticles (NPs)-based radiosensitization enhancement. The goal was to carry out computational experiments to quickly identify efficient nanostructures and then to preferentially select the most promising ones for the subsequent in vivo studies. To this aim, this interdisciplinary article introduces a new theoretical Monte Carlo computational ranking method and tests it using 3 different organometallic NPs in terms of size and composition. While the ranking predicted in a classical theoretical scenario did not fit the reference results at all, in contrast, we showed for the first time how our accelerated in silico virtual screening method, based on basic in vitro experimental data (which takes into account the NPs cell biodistribution), was able to predict a relevant ranking in accordance with in vitro clonogenic efficiency. This corroborates the pertinence of such a prior ranking method that could speed up the preclinical development of NPs in radiation therapy

Drug development in oncology assisted by noninvasive optical imaging.

International audienceEarly and accurate detection of tumors, like the development of targeted treatments, is a major field of research in oncology. The generation of specific vectors, capable of transporting a drug or a contrast agent to the primary tumor site as well as to the remote (micro-) metastasis would be an asset for early diagnosis and cancer therapy. Our goal was to develop new treatments based on the use of tumor-targeted delivery of large biomolecules (DNA, siRNA, peptides, or nanoparticles), able to induce apoptosis while dodging the specific mechanisms developed by tumor cells to resist this programmed cell death. Nonetheless, the insufficient effectiveness of the vectorization systems is still a crucial issue. In this context, we generated new targeting vectors for drug and biomolecules delivery and developed several optical imaging systems for the follow-up and evaluation of these vectorization systems in live mice. Based on our recent work, we present a brief overview of how noninvasive optical imaging in small animals can accelerate the development of targeted therapeutics in oncology

Internalization pathways into cancer cells of gadolinium-based radiosensitizing nanoparticles

International audienceOver the last few decades, nanoparticles have been studied in theranostic field with the objective of exhibiting a long circulation time through the body coupled to major accumulation in tumor tissues, rapid elimination, therapeutic potential and contrast properties. In this context, we developed sub-5 nm gadolinium-based nanoparticles that possess in vitro efficient radiosensitizing effects at moderate concentration when incubated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells (SQ20B). Two main cellular internalization mechanisms were evidenced and quantified: passive diffusion and macropinocytosis. Whereas the amount of particles internalized by passive diffusion is not sufficient to inducein vitro a significant radiosensitizing effect, the cellular uptake by macropinocytosis leads to a successful radiotherapy in a limited range of particles incubation concentration. Macropinocytosis processes in two steps: formation of agglomerates at vicinity of the cell followed by their collect via the lamellipodia (i.e. the "arms") of the cell. The first step is strongly dependent on the physicochemical characteristics of the particles, especially their zeta potential that determines the size of the agglomerates and their distance from the cell. These results should permit to control the quantity of particles internalized in the cell cytoplasm, promising ambitious opportunities towards a particle-assisted radiotherapy using lower radiation doses

Nanoparticle Mediated Tumor Vascular Disruption: A Novel Strategy in Radiation Therapy

More than 50% of all cancer patients receive radiation therapy. The clinical delivery of curative radiation dose is strictly restricted by the proximal healthy tissues. We propose a dual-targeting strategy using vessel-targeted-radiosensitizing gold nanoparticles and conformal-image guided radiation therapy to specifically amplify damage in the tumor neoendothelium. The resulting tumor vascular disruption substantially improved the therapeutic outcome and subsidized the radiation/nanoparticle toxicity, extending its utility to intransigent or nonresectable tumors that barely respond to standard therapies

ÉVALUATION D'UN RADIOLIGAND DE L'INTÉGRINE αVβ3 (RAFT-RGD) POUR L'IMAGERIE MOLÉCULAIRE DE L'ANGIOGENÈSE TUMORALE.

Tumoral neoangiogenesis targeting is currently a major field of research for the diagnostic and treatment of solid tumors. Endothelial cells from neovessels overexpress several specific markers such as the avb3 integrin, which binds RGD (-Arg-Gly-Asp-)-containing peptides. We evaluated the potential of a novel radiotracer – RAFT-RGD – for the molecular nuclear imaging of neovessels. In vitro, the coupling of 4 c(RGDfK) to the RAFT platform resulted in an increased cellular uptake of the tracer by avb3 positive cells when compared to c(RGDfK). Furthermore, RAFTRGD has a higher affinity than c(RGDfK) and similar properties for angiogenesis inhibition. In vivo, both avb3 positive and negative tumors were visible by non invasive whole body planar and tomographic imaging from 30 min to 24 h post-injection, using a gamma camera dedicated to small animal imaging.Despite a lack of significant contrast improvement compare with c(RGDfK), RAFT-RGD could represent a promising tracer for tumoral angiogenesis since it could provide invaluable information about tumor development and treatment efficacy in Nuclear Medicine departments. Furthermore, thanks to its chemical structure, RAFT-RGD can be labelled with a variety of radioisotopes including γ and b- emitters, allowing interesting therapeutical applications such as internal targeted radiotherapy.Le ciblage de la néoangiogenèse tumorale est une voie actuelle de recherche pour le diagnostic et pour le traitement des tumeurs solides. Les cellules endothéliales des néovaisseaux tumoraux surexpriment certains marqueurs spécifiques tels que l'intégrine avb3, qui reconnaît spécifiquement les peptides possédant le motif « RGD » (-Arg-Gly Asp-). Nous avons étudié le potentiel d'un nouveau radiotraceur - le RAFT-RGD - en vue d'imagerie moléculaire nucléaire des néovaisseaux. In vitro, le couplage de 4 c(RGDfK) au RAFT augmente la captation du traceur par les cellules avb3 positives, par rapport au c(RGDfK). De plus, le RAFT-RGD possède une meilleure affinité que le c(RGDfK) et des propriétés d'inhibition de l'angiogenèse similaires. In vivo, l'ensemble des tumeurs, avb3 positives et négatives, est visible par imagerie planaire non invasive corps entier, comme en SPECT, dès 30 min post-injection et au-delà de 24 h, grâce à une gamma caméra dédiée au petit animal. Le RAFT-RGD, malgré l'absence d'amélioration du contraste par rapport au cRGD, semble être un traceur prometteur de l'angiogenèse tumorale : il pourrait renseigner sur l'évolution de la pathologie et le suivi de l'efficacité des traitements des tumeurs dans les services deMédecine Nucléaire. De plus, par sa structure chimique, le RAFT-RGD apporte de multiples possibilités de marquage (émetteurs γ et β-), ce qui permet d'envisager des applications intéressantes notamment dans le domaine thérapeutique (radiothérapie interne vectorisée)