Impacto do solo contaminado com petróleo no crescimento e desenvolvimento de Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg (Myrtaceae)

Orientadora: Cleusa BonaCoorientador: Gedir de Oliveira SantosMonografia (Bacharelado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciencias Biológicas. Curso de Graduaçao em Ciencias BiológicasResumo : Acidentes ecológicos envolvendo petróleo e seus derivados vêm ocorrendo com freqüência no Brasil. O petróleo é constituído basicamente por óleo, compostos orgânicos e metais pesados. A espécie Campomanesía xanthocarpa O. Berg. (guabiroba) foi selecionada para esse estudo por ocorrer naturalmente no local do acidente e pela sua importância ecológica na dispersão de sementes pela avifauna. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de verificar as possíveis alterações morfàfisiológicas causadas pelo petróleo na espécie Campomanesía xanthocarpa cultivada em solo contaminado com petróleo e qual o efeito da adubação no desenvolvimento nas mudas. Tanto o experimento de campo como o de estufa consistiam em quatro tratamentos com oito repetições cada. O experimento de campo foi conduzido por um ano e três meses, com as seguintes áreas: em solo contaminado sem nenhum tipo de tratamento, chamadas de 2C e 3C e duas áreas controle em solo não contaminado, chamadas de 2NC e 3NC. O experimento em estufa foi conduzido por um ano, contendo os seguintes tratamentos: solo não contaminado (NC), não contaminado adubado (NCA), contaminado (C) e contaminado adubado (CA). As mudas, de mesma idade, foram fornecidas pela Embrapa Florestas de Colombo-PR e pelo Horto Municipal de Curitiba-PR. Tanto as plantas do experimento de estufa como o de campo apresentaram diferenças nas estruturas anatômicas e na deposição dos metabólitos como amido e compostos fenólicos, na espessura foliar e no índice estomático entre as plantas do solo contaminado e não contaminado. No entanto, essas diferenças, durante o período do experimento,· parecem não afetar o desenvolvimento da espécie em solo contaminado. Portanto, pelos resultados obtidos pode-se indicar C. xanthocara como uma espécie apta para recompor áreas contaminadas por petróleo, por demonstrar tolerância a este tipo de contaminação

Anatomia e morfogęnese in vitro de Cymbidium 'Joy Polis' (Orchidaceae) /

Orientadora: Marguerite G. G. QuoirinCo-orientadoes: Luciana L. F. Ribas; Henrique S. Koehler e Cleusa BonaDissertaçăo (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Cięncias Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduaçăo em Agronomia. Defesa: Curitiba, 2006Inclui bibliografia e anexosÁrea de concentraçăo: Produçăo vegeta

First record of ategmic ovules in Orchidaceae offers new insights into Mycoheterotrophic plants

The number of integuments found in angiosperm ovules is variable. In orchids, most species show bitegmic ovules, except for some mycoheterotrophic species that show ovules with only one integument. Analysis of ovules and the development of the seed coat provide important information regarding functional aspects such as dispersal and seed germination. This study aimed to analyze the origin and development of the seed coat of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Pogoniopsis schenckii and to compare this development with that of other photosynthetic species of the family. Flowers and fruits at different stages of development were collected, and the usual methodology for performing anatomical studies, scanning microscopy, and transmission microscopy following established protocols. P. schenckii have ategmic ovules, while the other species are bitegmic. No evidence of integument formation at any stage of development was found through anatomical studies. The reduction of integuments found in the ovules could facilitate fertilization in this species. The seeds of P. schenckii, Vanilla planifolia, and V. palmarum have hard seed coats, while the other species have seed coats formed by the testa alone, making them thin and transparent. P. schenckii, in contrast to the other species analyzed, has a seed coat that originates from the nucellar epidermis, while in other species, the seed coat originates from the outer integument10CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP447453/2014-9; 310184/2016-9sem informação2015/26479-6This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. Juliana Lischka Sampaio Mayer thank FAPESP (2015/26479-6), FAEPEX 0944/14, CNPq (447453/2014-9), and CNPQ (310184/2016-9) for funding suppor

Homeologous regulation of Frigida-like genes provides insights on reproductive development and somatic embryogenesis in the allotetraploid Coffea arabica

Coffea arabica is an allotetraploid of high economic importance. C. arabica transcriptome is a combination of the transcripts of two parental genomes (C. eugenioides and C. canephora) that gave rise to the homeologous genes of the species. Previous studies have reported the transcriptional dynamics of C. arabica. In these reports, the ancestry of homeologous genes was identified and the overall regulation of homeologous differential expression (HDE) was explored. One of these genes is part of the FRIGIDA-like family (FRL), which includes the Arabidopsis thaliana flowering-time regulation protein, FRIGIDA (FRI). As nonfunctional FRI proteins give rise to rapid-cycling summer annual ecotypes instead of vernalization-responsive winter-annuals, allelic variation in FRI can modulate flowering time in A. thaliana. Using bioinformatics, genomic analysis, and the evaluation of gene expression of homeologs, we characterized the FRL gene family in C. arabica. Our findings indicate that C. arabica expresses 10 FRL homeologs, and that, throughout flower and fruit development, these genes are differentially transcribed. Strikingly, in addition to confirming the expression of FRL genes during zygotic embryogenesis, we detected FRL expression during direct somatic embryogenesis, a novel finding regarding the FRL gene family. The HDE profile of FRL genes suggests an intertwined homeologous gene regulation. Furthermore, we observed that FLC gene of C. arabica has an expression profile similar to that of CaFRL genes9FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2013/17544-

Deep in the Jelly: Histochemical and Functional Aspects of Mucilage-Secreting Floral Colleters in the Orchids Elleanthus brasiliensis and E. crinipes

Colleters are trichomes or emergencies that produce a sticky exudate consisting of a mixture of mucilage, lipids, terpenes, and phenolic compounds. Colleters occur in at least 60 families of angiosperms; however, reports of them are scarce for the Orchidaceae. Elleanthus brasiliensis is distinguished by the presence of an abundant gelatinous secretion that covers almost all of its inflorescences. We aimed to describe the histology of colleters in inflorescences of E. brasiliensis and Elleanthus crinipes, and to analyze the chemical composition of their secretion to better understand the functions of these secretory structures. Due to the low frequency of colleters and lack of visible secretion in E. crinipes, histochemical tests and chemical analyses were not performed for this species. Colleters are of a brush type and their secretion has, at the same time, hydrophilic and lipophilic components. Histochemical tests further revealed the presence of pectin, mucilage, lipids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, and proteins. The GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of γ-sitosterol and palmitic, linoleic, and stearic acids in the secretion of E. brasiliensis. Infrared analysis indicated the possible presence of polysaccharides in the secretion. The occurrence of colleters in both species studied and in other orchids described in the literature suggests that these structures are common in the inflorescences of tropical orchids. In these environments, the hydrated polysaccharides in the secretion form a dense matrix that can act as a physical barrier, and terpenes may help to protect against herbivores and pathogenic microorganisms. This information broadens our knowledge of the morphological and chemical diversity of the secretions produced by orchid colleters

Silencing ScGUX2 reduces xylan glucuronidation and improves biomass saccharification in sugarcane

Summary There is an increasing need for renewable energy sources to replace part of our fossil fuel-based economy and reduce greenhouse gas emission. Sugarcane bagasse is a prominent feedstock to produce cellulosic bioethanol, but strategies are still needed to improve the cost-effective exploitation of this potential energy source. In model plants, it has been shown that GUX genes are involved in cell wall hemicellulose decoration, adding glucuronic acid substitutions on the xylan backbone. Mutation of GUX genes increases enzyme access to cell wall polysaccharides, reducing biomass recalcitrance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we characterized the sugarcane GUX genes and silenced GUX2 in commercial hybrid sugarcane. The transgenic lines had no penalty in development under greenhouse conditions. The sugarcane GUX1 and GUX2 enzymes generated different patterns of xylan glucuronidation, suggesting they may differently influence the molecular interaction of xylan with cellulose and lignin. Studies using biomass without chemical or steam pretreatment showed that the cell wall polysaccharides, particularly xylan, were less recalcitrant in sugarcane with GUX2 silenced than in WT plants. Our findings suggest that manipulation of GUX in sugarcane can reduce the costs of second-generation ethanol production and enhance the contribution of biofuels to lowering the emission of greenhouse gases

Deposition of lignin in four species of Saccharum

We used primers designed on conserved gene regions of several species to isolate the most expressed genes of the lignin pathway in four Saccharum species. S. officinarum and S. barberi have more sucrose in the culms than S. spontaneum and S. robustum, but less polysaccharides and lignin in the cell wall. S. spontaneum, and S. robustum had the lowest S/G ratio and a lower rate of saccharification in mature internodes. Surprisingly, except for CAD, 4CL, and CCoAOMT for which we found three, two, and two genes, respectively, only one gene was found for the other enzymes and their sequences were highly similar among the species. S. spontaneum had the highest expression for most genes. CCR and CCoAOMT B presented the highest expression; 4CL and F5H showed increased expression in mature tissues; C3H and CCR had higher expression in S. spontaneum, and one of the CADs isolated (CAD B) had higher expression in S. officinarum. The similarity among the most expressed genes isolated from these species was unexpected and indicated that lignin biosynthesis is conserved in Saccharum including commercial varieties Thus the lignin biosynthesis control in sugarcane may be only fully understood with the knowledge of the promotor region of each gene9CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPsem informaçãosem informação2014/25994-1; 2008/58035-

Deep in the Jelly: Histochemical and Functional Aspects of Mucilage-Secreting Floral Colleters in the Orchids Elleanthus brasiliensis and E. crinipes

Colleters are trichomes or emergencies that produce a sticky exudate consisting of a mixture of mucilage, lipids, terpenes, and phenolic compounds. Colleters occur in at least 60 families of angiosperms; however, reports of them are scarce for the Orchidaceae. Elleanthus brasiliensis is distinguished by the presence of an abundant gelatinous secretion that covers almost all of its inflorescences. We aimed to describe the histology of colleters in inflorescences of E. brasiliensis and Elleanthus crinipes, and to analyze the chemical composition of their secretion to better understand the functions of these secretory structures. Due to the low frequency of colleters and lack of visible secretion in E. crinipes, histochemical tests and chemical analyses were not performed for this species. Colleters are of a brush type and their secretion has, at the same time, hydrophilic and lipophilic components. Histochemical tests further revealed the presence of pectin, mucilage, lipids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, and proteins. The GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of γ-sitosterol and palmitic, linoleic, and stearic acids in the secretion of E. brasiliensis. Infrared analysis indicated the possible presence of polysaccharides in the secretion. The occurrence of colleters in both species studied and in other orchids described in the literature suggests that these structures are common in the inflorescences of tropical orchids. In these environments, the hydrated polysaccharides in the secretion form a dense matrix that can act as a physical barrier, and terpenes may help to protect against herbivores and pathogenic microorganisms. This information broadens our knowledge of the morphological and chemical diversity of the secretions produced by orchid colleters

ESTAQUIA E ANATOMIA DE VASSOURÃO-BRANCO

Piptocarpha angustifolia Dusén (Asteraceae) is a brazilian native woody species belonging to Mixed Rain Forest (Araucaria´s Forest) with potential use for enviromental restoration and economical in plantation for woody production. Its propagation by seeds presents difficulties by irregular production and collection and low germination by poor number of feasible seeds. This work aims to verify the rooting response for semihardwood cuttings of annual shoots from mature plants, collected in spring 2004, summer, autumn and winter 2005 in Colombo, Paraná state, Brazil and submitted a different treatments by alcoholic solution with use of plant growth regulator indolebutyric acid (IBA). Anatomical and biochemical analysis of total carbohydrates and proteins were made to investigate possible obstacle to roots initiation. The statistical analyses were made by completly randomized design with four treatments of twenty cuttings, evaluating rooting percentage, callus cuttings, alive and dead cuttings. No adventitous rooting response was verified in all seasons studied. The presence of fibers was not related as anatomical barrier to rooting. The microchemical tests weren’t conclusive to presence phenolic compounds and total carbohydrates and proteins weren´t correlated to rooting.Piptocarpha angustifolia Dusén (Asteraceae) é uma espécie arbórea nativa brasileira pertencente à Floresta Ombrófila Mista, com potencial ambiental para recuperação de ecossistemas e produção madeireira. A propagação seminal desta espécie apresenta dificuldades devido a irregularidade na produção e coleta, aliadas a baixa germinação pela formação de poucas sementes viáveis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de brotações do ano de plantas matrizes adultas, coletadas na primavera de 2004, verão, outono e inverno de 2005, no município de Colombo, Paraná, Brasil, tratadas com soluções alcoólicas do regulador vegetal ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Análises anatômicas e bioquímicas de açúcares totais e proteínas foram realizadas para investigação de possíveis impedimentos à iniciação radicial. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições de 20 estacas por parcela, avaliando-se as porcentagens de estacas enraizadas, com calos, vivas e mortas.  Não houve enraizamento em qualquer dos tratamentos nas épocas estudadas. A presença de fibras não foi relacionada ao impedimento da iniciação radicial. Os testes microquímicos não foram conclusivos quanto à presença de compostos fenólicos. Os teores de açúcares totais e proteínas não foram correlacionados ao enraizamento adventício

Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn,: rooting, anatomy and biochemical analyses in the four seasons

O presente trabalho buscou verificar os efeitos da aplica\ue7\ue3o de diferentes concentra\ue7\uf5es do \ue1cido indolbut\uedrico (AIB), em talco e em solu\ue7\ue3o, no enraizamento de estacas caulinares de Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn. coletadas nas quatro esta\ue7\uf5es do ano, bem como suas varia\ue7\uf5es anat\uf4micas e bioqu\uedmicas. Estacas semilenhosas foram tratadas com 0, 1500 e 3000 mg L-1 de \ue1cido indolbut\uedrico (AIB), em talco e solu\ue7\ue3o 50% alco\uf3lica. Ap\uf3s 65 dias em casa-de-vegeta\ue7\ue3o, foram avaliados a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, o n\ufamero e o comprimento das ra\uedzes, a porcentagem de estacas com calos e a sobreviv\ueancia. O uso do AIB mostrou-se eficiente na indu\ue7\ue3o radicial, sendo indiferente a forma em que foi aplicado. As esta\ue7\uf5es mais promissoras foram a primavera (78,75%) com 3.000 mg L-1 ou mg kg-1 de AIB e o ver\ue3o (63,12%) com 1.500 mg L-1 ou mg kg-1 de AIB. Das sec\ue7\uf5es feitas na base das estacas, no momento da estaquia, n\ue3o foi detectada nenhuma poss\uedvel barreira anat\uf4mica ou diferen\ue7a estrutural que promovesse varia\ue7\uf5es no enraizamento. An\ue1lises bioqu\uedmicas feitas das estacas revelaram que as maiores concentra\ue7\uf5es de a\ue7\ufacares totais foram obtidas no inverno (83,21 mg g-1 de tecido) e no outono (72,79 mg g-1), as esta\ue7\uf5es que tamb\ue9m apresentaram as maiores concentra\ue7\uf5es de prote\uednas (4,69 e 3,95 mg g-1 respectivamente).The present work tried to verify the effects of application of different concentration of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in talc in solution, in the rooting of cutting of Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn. collected in the four seasons, as well as its anatomical and biochemical variation. The semiharwood cuttings were treated with 0, 1500 and 3000 mg L-1 indolebutyric acid (IBA), in powder and alchoolic solutions. After 65 days in a greenhouse, rooting percentage, length and number of roots, cutting with callus percentage and survival, were evaluated. The use of the IBA was efficient in the induction radicial, being indifferent the form in which it was applied. The most promising stations in the formation of the system radicial were the spring (78,75%) with 3000 mg L-1 or mg kg-1 IBA and the summer (63,12 %) with 1500 mg L-1 or mg kg-1 IBA. (82,50%) with 3000 mg kg-1 IBA. Considering the cutting in the base of the stakes, in the moment of the cutting, no possible anatomical barrier or structural difference were detected so that it should promoted variations in the answers of the rooting uring the four seasons. Biochemical analyses done from the cuttings collected in the four seasons revealed that the largest concentrations of total sugars were obtained in the winter (83,21 mg g-1) and in the autumn (72,79 mg g-1). The same stations also presented the largest protein concentrations (4,69 and 3,95 mg g-1 respectively)