A Brief History of Web Crawlers

Web crawlers visit internet applications, collect data, and learn about new web pages from visited pages. Web crawlers have a long and interesting history. Early web crawlers collected statistics about the web. In addition to collecting statistics about the web and indexing the applications for search engines, modern crawlers can be used to perform accessibility and vulnerability checks on the application. Quick expansion of the web, and the complexity added to web applications have made the process of crawling a very challenging one. Throughout the history of web crawling many researchers and industrial groups addressed different issues and challenges that web crawlers face. Different solutions have been proposed to reduce the time and cost of crawling. Performing an exhaustive crawl is a challenging question. Additionally capturing the model of a modern web application and extracting data from it automatically is another open question. What follows is a brief history of different technique and algorithms used from the early days of crawling up to the recent days. We introduce criteria to evaluate the relative performance of web crawlers. Based on these criteria we plot the evolution of web crawlers and compare their performanc

A Smart Knee Implant Using Triboelectric Energy Harvesters

Although the number of total knee replacement (TKR) surgeries is growing rapidly, functionality and pain-reduction outcomes remain unsatisfactory for many patients. Continual monitoring of knee loads after surgery offers the potential to improve surgical procedures and implant designs. The goal of this study is to characterize a triboelectric energy harvester under body loads and to design compatible frontend electronics to digitize the load data. The harvester prototype would be placed between the tibial component and polyethylene bearing of a TKR implant. The harvester generates power from the compressive load. To examine the harvester output and the feasibility of powering a digitization circuitry, a triboelectric energy harvester prototype is fabricated and tested. An axial tibiofemoral load profile from normal walking (gait) is approximated as a 1 Hz sine wave signal and is applied to the harvester. Because the root mean square of voltages generated via this phenomenon is proportional to the applied load, the device can be simultaneously employed for energy harvesting and load sensing. With an approximated knee cyclic load of 2.3 kN at 1 Hz, the harvester generated output voltage of 18 V RMS, and an average power of 6 µW at the optimal resistance of 58MΩ. The harvested signal is rectified through a negative voltage converter rectifier and regulated through a linear-dropout regulator with a combined efficiency of 71%. The output of the regulator is used to charge a supercapacitor. The energy stored in the supercapacitor is used for low resolution sensing of the load through a peak detector and analog-to-digital converter. According to our analysis, sensing the load several times a day is feasible by relying only on harvested power. The results found from this work demonstrate that triboelectric energy harvesting is a promising technique for self-powering load sensors inside knee implants

A Microwave Ring Resonator Based Glucose Sensor

A microwave ring resonator based glucose detecting biosensor incorporating glucose oxidase enzyme is presented. Sensor uses a split ring resonator as a transducer, where the sensing operation is done by the observation of shifts in its resonant frequency. Resonator was fabricated with basic fabrication techniques and the enzyme was immobilized via conductive polymer agent PEDOT:PSS. Experimentally observed redshift of resonant frequency of the sensor in response to different loading conditions are in agreement with simulation results and theoretical expectations. Sensor selectivity is confirmed with control experiments conducted with NaCl solutions. Experiments done with different glucose solution concentrations yielded a sensor sensitivity of 0.174MHz/mgml-1

Sodium Nitroprusside as a Nitric Oxide Donor in a Rat Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Model

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of sodium nitroprusside in the reduction of the intestinal ischemiareperfusion injury as a nitric oxide donor after intraperitoneal administration. METHODS: The histopathological examinations and tissue malonyldialdehyde levels of 35 Wistar albino rats that were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion, were performed in 5 groups. The groups include Control, Ischemia -reperfusion, Sodium nitroprusside, NG-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) and Sodium nitroprusside+L-NAME. Each rat was subjected to ischemia for 40 minutes and reperfusion for 30 minutes, except the control group. The medications were done intraperitoneally as saline 4 ml/kg, Sodium nitroprusside 5 mg/kg, L-NAME 10 mg/kg just before reperfusions. RESULTS: Significant tissue injury in histological sections and an increase in tissue levels of Malonyldialdehyde was detected in the I/R group. The efficacy of intraperitoneal administration of Sodium nitroprusside in both Sodium nitroprusside alone and Sodium nitroprusside+L-NAME groups was found statistically significant for the reducing of injury scores (p<0.05). The difference between the Ischemia/reperfusion and Sodium nitroprusside groups was found statistically significant as in the Ischemia/reperfusion and Sodium nitroprusside+L-NAME groups due to the tissue Malonyldialdehyde levels (p<0.05). There was no statistical difference between Ischemia/reperfusion and L-NAME groups. CONCLUSION: Ischemia/reperfusion induced injury might be reduced by the intraperitoneal administration of Sodium nitroprusside, even in the presence of L-NAME, in the rat intestinal model

Prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT for identifying high- and low-risk endometrial cancer patients

Objectives: To assess the usefulness of adding PET/CT as a preoperative test for determining the extent of endometrial cancer and discriminating low- and high-risk patients to identify candidates for surgical staging. Material and methods: We retrospectively reviewed 86 patients with pathologically proven endometrial cancer who had undergone preoperative 18F-FDG PET/CT. The prognostic relationships between PET/CT parameters and pathology reports were assessed. Results: The SUVmax was significantly higher in patients with FIGO stage IB or higher compared with those with stage IA; for stage III–IV compared with stage I–II; and for patients with lymph node metastasis compared with those without lymph node metastasis. Using 6.70 as a cut-off for SUVmax, low-risk patients can be identified with a sensitivity of 92.9%. Conclusions: PET/CT imaging can be used not only for determining malignancy and lymph node involvement but also for determining candidates for surgical staging with high sensitivity

Radiological staging in neuroblastoma : computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging?

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the staging of neuroblastomas according to the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS). Material and methods: In this single-centre retrospective study we identified a total of 20 patients under the age of 18 years, who were admitted to our hospital with neuroblastoma between January 2005 and May 2018, and who had both CT and MRI examination. The INRGSS stages of tumours were evaluated by CT scan and MRI. Then, stages of tumours were described according to the INRGSS for CT and MRI, separately. The Spearman rank correlation test was used for statistical analysis. The p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The median age was 11 months, and the age range was one month to nine years. In our results; both MRI and CT were significant in the determination of radiological staging of NBL, p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively. MRI was superior to CT in radiological staging. MRI was also superior for the detection of intraspinal extension, involvement of multiple body compartments, metastatic disease, and bone marrow infiltration. CT was more useful to consider the relationship between tumours and vascular structures. Conclusions: MRI and CT have high diagnostic accuracy rates in the staging of pre-treatment neuroblastomas. MRI is important in pre-treatment evaluation of neuroblastomas because of the higher detection of metastases as well as the lack of ionising radiation

Çocuğun gelişiminde bağlanma, ilgi-bakım ve aile dinamiklerinin etkisi

TÜBİTAK SBB01.02.200

Live Cell Imaging of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells on Nano-pitted and Polished Titanium Surfaces: A Micro-Incubator in vitro Approach

Current orthopedic implants are not conducive for optimal integration of the biomaterial with newly-formed tissue (osseointegration) inside a patient’s body. In this study, medical-rade Ti-6Al-4V was used as a substrate due to its biocompatibility and ability to facilitate cellular adhesion and proliferation. Live cell imaging was conducted on bone marrow stromal cells, genetically modified to express the green fluorescent protein (GFP), from the 24-96 hours growth period, with the first 24 hours of growth being held inside a lab-scale incubator. Periodic images were recorded on nanopitted anodized and polished Ti-6Al-4V substrates to study how substratestiffness influences adhesion and proliferation. Collected images were analyzed for mitosis, adhesion, and filopodia-stretchability using ImageJ, an image processing program. Images were enhanced in order to perform cell counts at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of growth. Continuous recordings were produced to account for the number of mitosis occurrences and cellular migration on each of the substrates. Based on the conducted experiments, it appears that polished Ti-6Al-4V has a higher cell adherence than “nanopitted” anodized surface and an improved rate of proliferation which may be because the cells once adhered on the nano-pitted surface have less ability to detach in-order to undergo mitosis.https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/u_poster_2014/1004/thumbnail.jp

Impact of clinicopathological variables on laparoscopic hysterectomy complications, a tertiary center experience

Objectives: To analyze intraoperative and postoperative complications according to Clavian-Dindo Classification (CDC) and evaluate the influence of clinicopathological features on the feasibility and safety of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) in patients that underwent surgery in a tertiary center. Material and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the database of 469 patients that underwent surgery for patients who underwent extra facial TLH from 2013 to 2020. Results: A total of 86 (18.3%) peri-postoperative complications were observed. The incidence of intraoperative complications was 2% (n = 10). The overall conversion rate to open surgery was 1.9% (n = 9). A total of 76 postoperative complications were observed in 61 patients (14.3%). The incidence of minor (Grade I [n = 16, 3.4%] and II [n = 42, 8.9%]) and major complications (Grade III [n = 15, 3.2%], IV [n = 2, 0.4%] and V [n = 1, 0.2 %]) were 12.3% and 3.8%, respectively. A higher BMI and performing surgery at the first step of learning are found to be associated with intraoperative and postoperative complications (p &lt; 0.05). Postoperative complications related to having a history of the cesarean section, additional comorbidities, and uterine weight ≥ 300 g (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: The implementation of TLH by experienced surgeons appears to have remarkable advantages over open surgery. However, the risk factor for complications should be taken into account by surgeons in the learning curve in selecting the appropriate patient for surgery.

Inappropriate antimicrobial use in Turkish pediatric hospitals: A multicenter point prevalence survey

Objectives: Although well-defined principles of rational antimicrobial use are available, inappropriate prescribing patterns are reported worldwide. Accurate information on the usage of antimicrobials, including factors associated with and influencing their use, is valuable for improving the quality of prescription practices. Methods: In this cross-sectional point prevalence survey, data on patients hospitalized in 12 different children's hospitals were collected on a single day. Appropriateness of prescription was compared between the types of antimicrobials prescribed, indications, wards, and presence of/consultation with an infectious disease physician (IDP). Results: A total 711 of 1302 (54.6%) patients evaluated were receiving one or more antimicrobial drugs. The antimicrobial prescription rate was highest in pediatric intensive care (75.7%) and lowest in the surgery wards (37.0%). Of the 711 patients receiving antimicrobials, 332 patients (46.7%) were found to be receiving at least one inappropriately prescribed drug. Inappropriate use was most frequent in surgery wards (80.2%), while it was less common in oncology wards (31.8%; p < 0.001). Respiratory tract infection was the most common indication for antimicrobial use (29.4%). Inappropriate use was more common in deep-seated infections (54.7%) and respiratory infections (56.5%). Fluoroquinolones were used inappropriately more than any other drugs (81.8%, p = 0.021). Consultation with an IDP appears to increase appropriate antimicrobial use (p = 0.008). Conclusions: Inappropriate antimicrobial use remains a common problem in Turkish pediatric hospitals. Consultation with an IDP and prescribing antimicrobial drugs according to microbiological test results could decrease the inappropriate use of antimicrobials